Romeo and Juliet by Franco Zeffirelli Research Paper

Romeo and Juliet by Franco Zeffirelli - Research Paper Example â€Å"Franco Zeffirelli's Romeo and Juliet is a lovely, sensitive, friendly popularization of the play—the lovers, Leonard Whiting and Olivia Hussey, as young and full of life as they ought to be, Italy of its time there intact, a lot made of the relationship between Romeo and Mercutio, beautifully played by John McEnery† (Adler). Certainly, the actors were not experienced because of a very young age, but this inexperience was their main advantage. They did not play any parts, they were natural. A wise director Franco Zeffirelli understood that nothing can express youth better than youth itself. Adult experienced actors would never manage to embody and express all the charm of the youth and the first love. Adults have already lost the capacity to feel all this thrill and delight and what is more, they will never die for love. There are people who were lucky to witness the shooting of the film. â€Å"Hussey and Whiting were so good because they didn't know any better. A nother year or two of experience, perhaps, and they would have been too intimidated to play the roles. It was my good fortune to visit the film set, in a small hill town an hour or so outside Rome, on the night when the balcony scene was filmed. I remember Hussey and Whiting upstairs in the old hillside villa, waiting for their call, unaffected, uncomplicated. And when the balcony scene was shot, I remember the heedless energy that Hussey threw into it, take after take, hurling herself almost off the balcony for hungry kisses. (Whiting, balanced in a tree, needed to watch his footing.)† (Ebert). This valuable passage written by a person who saw shooting with his own eyes testifies that actors did not play any parts, they were... The researcher of this paper presents an analysis of the great screening of the masterpiece, entitled Romeo and Juliet and presented by Franco Zeffirelli in 1968. The researcher states that this movie is the best screen version of the play. The plot of the â€Å"Romeo and Juliet† seems plain, but its salt is the great misunderstanding that caused a great tragedy. It seems that Shakespeare plays with readers in order to awake sorrow and the feeling of vexation. Romeo and Juliet are innocent creatures, who can’t be accused of what they did. The researcher also mentiones that it is necessary to analyze the music used in the movie. Music is stated to be a very important component of every movie. It is a correctly chosen music that makes a Romeo and Juliet movie successful. Certainly, the film contained the scenes, which were very difficult for young people to express and here we should admit the talented direction of Zeffirelli. He made everything perfect: every scene, ever y glance, every motion of the main heroes. The reseracher then concluds that for the poetry, and the fine archaic dignity of Romeo and Juliet, the story could be taking place next door. It is stated to be the "sweetest, the most contemporary romance on film this year†. Critics and the researcher both mentioned this movie as a great work, every detail of which was thoroughly thought out by the director and producers and had its deserved success: it certainly became the best screening of the â€Å"Romeo and Juliet† in the world.

Famous Botanist Francisco Hernandez Essay Example for Free

Famous Botanist Francisco Hernandez Essay During the time of 1700 hundreds many artist made their way to spain to seek out what they believed to be an art form but done in garden designs. So many people thought that this was a great cause and belived that this was they were meant to do for life. Francisco like other believed that this was the way to go so he to set to become a famous garden designer and soon he got his wish and was sent for by the duke of Earl. It took many years to establish a good working condition with his boss so he just continued to give his best at what he did which was deisgn the most beautiful garden that you would have ever seen. For many years it wqould be difficult for him to do anything else vbut design because that is all he thought about all day. In the winter it wouod prove to be cruel to him but he weathered the storm and kept right ahead with what he was doing and that was to creat the perfect garden fro duke. Many times the duke became frustrated with his work that he should have never sent for and this made Frncisco so very unhappy to where he put his all into what he was doing even more so but this was not enough until one day he finally decided to tell his boss that he was to ask him to send him back home.

Slaughterhouses and the packing companies Essay -- Literary Analysis,

â€Å"I wished to frighten the country by a picture of what its industrial masters were doing to their victims; entirely by chance I stumbled on another discovery--what they were doing to the meat-supply of the civilized world. In other words, I aimed at the public’s heart, and by accident hit it in the stomach† (Bloom). With the publication of a single book, Upton Sinclair found himself as a worldwide phenomenon overnight. He received worldwide response to his novel and invitations to lectures all over the world including one to the White House by President Roosevelt. In late 1904, the editor of the Appeal to Reason, a socialist magazine sent Sinclair to Chicago to tell the story of the poor common workingmen and women unfairly enslaved by the vast monopolistic enterprises. He found that he could go anywhere in the stockyards provided that he â€Å"[wore] old clothes†¦ and [carried] a workman’s dinner pail†. Sinclair spent seven weeks in Chicago livi ng among and interviewing the Chicago workers; studying conditions in the packing plants. Along with collecting more information for his novel, Sinclair came upon another discovery--the filth of improper sanitation and the processing of spoiled meat. With the publishing of his novel, Sinclair received international response to its graphic descriptions of the packinghouses. The book is said to have decreased America’s meat consumption for decades and President Roosevelt, himself, reportedly threw his breakfast sausages out his window after reading The Jungle. However, Sinclair classified the novel as a failure and blamed himself for the public’s misunderstanding. Sinclair’s main purpose for writing the book was to improve the working conditions for the Chicago stockyard workers. Sinclair found it... ...ivities. Sinclair promotes socialism, government owned companies that endorse more rights for its worker’s, as government own corporations will be less about the individual profit but the common good. Sinclair publicities socialism in The Jungle in many methods: a capitalist society provides their workers with sickening working condition, a capitalist society consists of corruption all over the board, and a socialistic society will mean a perfect world. Upton Sinclair was dubbed by President Roosevelt as â€Å"a muckraker†, a writer who investigates and publishes issues happening around America. Even though Sinclair’s novel did not do as much for the poor as he hoped, it did bring about change to America: stricter meat packing regulations, standards of cleanliness in processing plants, and public knowledge of what the Chicago corporations were doing to their canned meat.

Define The Phrase Organizational Politics Commerce Essay

Bearing in head the theories you have read so far, and with particular mention to theories of individuality, you are asked to utilize your hunt accomplishments to happen out what research workers are stating about the nature and intent of organisational political relations. For 30 % of your concluding class, you are required to compose an essay of about 3,000 words, to be submitted via Turnitin.com ( category ID is 3177884 and the watchword is unity ) . Do non subject until after 20 April, 2010In the context of an organisation with which you are familiar, depict the function and extent of organisational political relations. Describe the intent for which you perceive political action to be used in your organisation, and whether the effects are good or otherwise for the organisation. Explain what the deductions are for effectual communications within the organisation.Extra note: It should be clear that as the class coordinator, I perceive there to be a strong connexion between â€Å" theories of individuality † and â€Å" organisational political relations † You may non hold, and I am really happy either manner, every bit long as you take the clip to analyze the grounds for and against such a connexion, and do your instance consequently. Your essay will be marked in conformity with the undermentioned scheme: Standard Mark Essay demonstrates the ability to critically measure anterior literature on the subject 30 Essay demonstrates a good apprehension of the theories relevant to issues of individuality and organisational political relations 30 Essay demonstrates the ability to concept and pass on logical and persuasive statements backed up with approriate commendations from literature. 30 Essay is good structured, grammatical and proof read. Citations are decently formatted to APA manner. 10 Entire 100 % Start reading now! Do non get down composing until you have gained sufficient scholarly cognition to warrant that action. Punishments will use ( as per the class lineation ) for lateness or important going ( over or under ) from the suggested word count Pursuit ofA individualA agendasA and opportunism in an organisation without respect to their consequence on theA organization'sA attempts toA achieveA itsA ends.ORGANIZATIONAL POLITICSWhen we heard about the word political relations, most people find the negative intension. Its really rare when word political relations use in a positive mode. Political accomplishments can be leveraged to pull strings others and can be used to act upon them to accomplish more than they thought possible. When we struggle to happen out the right manner and non able to win in our several watercourses, we ever criticize others for being excessively political and and playing dirty fast ones. Different people have different perceptual experiences about organisational political relations, it may be positive or negative, good or bad depends upon the individual to whom you ask. Organizationa political relations sometimes taken as a informal manner to do attempts to act upon different people and organisation to accomplish single ends and aims. In organisation point of position, if single is holding power he/she must be careful to do usage of power to act upon the manner which is good for the organisation to accomplish awaited ends or aims and besides their personal growing. For the success of any organisation and to accomplish high public presentation moving politically or political behavior is slightly indispensable. When we think about our workplace where we work, there are tonss of people to whom we have to interact or we have the relationship in one sense. By coordination of everybody in the relationship, we are able to carry through our work. When there is a soothing relationship among all people, more likely you are acquire along and travel in front. When everybody tries to work seriously in the relationships, everything will be given to work good. But unluckily few people ever try to work excessively difficult to acquire in front by ruling in their on the job relationships instead than their work. Sometimes people involved in making duties and all kinds of political plotting in work that leads to a politically charged work environment. Its erstwhile rather thwarting to work in an environment where political relations supersede over competency and accomplishments. It sometimes hard for the employee who is new to an organisation or holding less experiences in covering with these sort of polit ically filled state of affairss. To acquire rid of political state of affairss in an organisations, we need togo through a proper channel to avoid compromising farther. We need to speak to the people straight to decide the affairs and if direct conversation with the people non doing adequate advancement in resoving the things so its better to intensify it to the supervisor or managerial degree. Sometimes it happens that directors besides involves in the political state of affairs so in thi instance you need to take the advice of the human resource director for farther actions. Politicss and Organizational power plays an of import function in an organisation. In some of the organisations it does n't count at all but insome of the organisations its like a blood athletics. There are certain factors which can be used to cognize how of import is political relations for an organisation — Quality of coommunciation between theworking squad and the higher-ups in the undertaking and in the section — How freely people can pass on within their squad members or with the section caputs — By larning different organisational civilization — Notice employees are blandishing their directors or foreman and affecting in otiose things for self publicity instead than difficult work, you will come to cognize the organisational manner of honoring people on their behavior Its better to unattached with political relations in an organisational and maintain your relationship unfastened and friendly and accrue web with assortment of people. After a considerable sum of clip you spend in the organisation, you will come to cognize the organisational civilization and how much you want to affect in organisational political relations maintaining in head to accomplish your personal aims. Organizational political relations is seemingly have a negative image in an organisation but it non so inherently bad. Its better to aware about different potentially rough facets of organisational political relations in order to minimise the negative consequence. Sometimes new employee to an organisation without cognizing the civilization and political accomplishment and consciousness, there would be a opportunities of acquiring immersed in narrow minded political relations and destructive power battles. I think workplace Politics is an indispensable and natural portion of an organisation and employees with different involvement and mentality are their assets. To be successful in the organisation, one should ever be engaged in political relations merely in positive sense. Its non like people are ever positively involved in political relations, some of the employees in a negative sense usage political relations by affecting in use, hidden planning for personal additions. Peoples affecting in these types of behavior are non considered as sanctioned by the organisation. Sometimes these types of behavior involved put excess attempts informely to acquire blessing for a particular undertaking, utilize improper channels to take attending during all the official events to foreground ourself in forepart of senior directors during the clip of publicities. Sometimes people who are non affect in any sort of such behaviour feel themselves on a trench because of the unjust determinations of the se nior directors of the organisation in footings of publicity, wagess and grasp. This is sometimes I feel is a loophole in the direction of an organisation by non acknowledging the valuable work done by an employee who did n't be a portion of political behavior or ego functioning behavior. If the company is over driven by these sort of political behavior, so employees start experiencing frustrated in the company, there will be less occupation satisfaction and he/she start executing worst in the organisation. This sometimes become an alarming issue for the Human resource people, if employees start go forthing occupations often merely because of negative political relations been played in their undertakings. Organization demands to believe about the solutions related to minimise the negative side of the political behavior which is good for maintaining their assets satisfy who are non really involved in the organisational political relations. There should be an equal and unfastened system to garner information about the undertakings for each and every employee, leaders can promote project members to organize a theoretical account demoing collaborative behavior in all facets of work and besides its should be informed ab initio that doing political schemes will non be remunerated or tolerated in the organisation. The Prominent ground what I understand of utilizing political relations in an organisation is because of the competition among the employees to derive power and leading. Political power sometimes use to understand what people really desire or fear and use that understanding to act upon their behavior. This help them to understanding organisation civilization, visualise the the ends and aims of company every bit good as personal. There surely a negative side of the organisational political relations with backstabbing, use, flattering, corrupting but the key to a succesfful calling is to keep a healthy relationship and repute among all the employees in a company. You want to act in an organisation as a nice participant and attempt to do win- win state of affairs in different stages profiting the company every bit good. You need to keep unity while constructing relationships. Organizational political relations is closely related to Leadership properties and it can be understood by the fact that leading ever occurs in the context of bulk or a group where members are ever influenced by leader to guarantee they are focused towards accomplishing awaited ends or results of the workdone. Political environment in an organisation is really much impacted by a leader through authorization, influence and power under different fortunes and its clearly seeable during nonsubjective scene, determination devising, promoting people in a group, interaction in a squad with members to accrue relationships etc. Leadership qualities which developed internally in the organisation in the person have advantage of apprehension of general political relations bing in the several organisation. While leaders join the organisation subsequently or new joiners will hold to put some clip ab initio to larn and understand the prevailing political relations through interaction between the gr oups and senior employees in the organisation. They must be focussed while interaction and assorted organisational activities to understand the flow of information that initiates political clime in the organisation. From organisational point of position, it ‘s really indispensable for the leaders to take the advantage of the political accomplishments and the environment to maximize the organisational productiveness in footings of result and satisfaction degree of the employees. Individual and organisational ancestors can boh take to political behavior: Individual Ancestors: There are figure of latent political ancestors of political behavior in an organisation. Employees holding effectual political accomplishments are more successful at their occupations or atleast in act uponing different people, co-workers, higher-ups etc and besides they can do a difference in doing schemes for accomplishing organisational ends and aims. If single are more profoundly involved in assorted activities in an organisation or extremely invested in an organisation either financially or emotionally so there are more opportunities for them to affect in political behavior. Besides there is one more strong ground to attach politically with the company, if persons anticipate they will be successful in altering the result of the company, more likely they will hold a considerable part in making a political clime. If they think they can act upon an result so they might pass more clip and resources to consequence the result. Organizational Ancestors: Any sort of uncertainness in an organisation can associate to organisational political relations. For illustration When employees are in the province where they can non experience comfy with their occupation duties, they observe the organisation as more political. This function based uncertainness allows employees to negociate and redefine their responsibilities and functions in the given fortunes. Uncertainty besides prevails during publicities and rating of the public presentation, sometimes it leads to a extremely political behavior like feeling direction throughout the organisation. Actually employees at the lower degree of organisations assume their organisation excessively driven by political relations, who are non satisfied with their occupations and misanthropic about future success in their organisations..

Birch Paper Case Essay

The division can’t very well show a profit by putting in bids that don’t even cover a fair share of overheadcosts,let alone give us a profit. † Birch Paper Company was a medium-sized,partly integrated paper company, producing white and kraft papers and paperboard. A portion of its paperboard output was converted into corrugated boxes by the Thompson Division, which also printed and colored the outside surface of the boxes. Including Thompson,the companyhad four producingdivisions and a timberland division, which supplied part of the company’spulp requirements. For severalyears, eachdivision had beenjudged independently on the basis of its profit and return on investment. Top managementhad been working to gain effectiveresults from a policy of decentralizing responsibility and authority for all decisionsexcept those relating to overall companypolicy. The company’s top officials believed that in the past few years the concept of decentralization had been applied successfullyand that the company’sprofits and competitive position definitely had improved. The Northern Division had designeda special display box for one of its papers in conjunction with the ThompsonDivision, which was equippedto make the box. Thompson’sstaff for packagedesign and developmentspent several months perfecting the design, production methods,and materials to be used. Becauseof the unusual color and shape, these were far from standard. According to an agreement between the two divisions, the Thompson Division was reimbursed by the Northern Division for the cost of its design and developmentwork. When all the specificationswere prepared,the Northern Division askedfor bids on the box from the ThompsonDivision and from two outside companies. Each division manager was normally free to buy from whatever supplier he wished, and evenon saleswithin the company, divisions were expectedto meet the going market price if they wanted the business. During this period, the profit margins of such converters as the Thompson Division were being squeezed. Thompson,as did many other similar converters,bought its paperboard,and its function was to print, cut, and shapeit into boxes. Though it bought most of its materials from other Birch divisions, most of Thompson’ssaleswere made to outside customers. If Thompsongot the order from Northern, it probably would buy its linerboard and corrugating medium from the Southern Division of Birch. The walls of a corrugated box This case was prepared by William Rotch under the supervision of Neil Harlan, Harvard Business School. Copyright 158-001. by the President and Fellows of Harvard College. Harvard Business School case i Case6-2 Birch PaperCompany 2 consist of outside and inside sheets of linerboard sandwiching the fluted corrugating medium. About 70 percent of Thompson’s out-of-pocketcostof$400 for the order representedthe cost of linerboard and corrugating medium. Though Southern had beenrunning below capacity and had excess inventory, it quoted the market price, which had not noticeably weakenedas a result of the oversupply. Its out-of-pocket costs on both liner and corrugating medium were about 60 percent of the selling price. The Northern Division receivedbids on the boxesof $480 a thousand from the ThompsonDivision, $430 a thousand from West Paper Company,and $432 a thousand from Eire Papers,Ltd. Eire Papers offered to buy from Birch the outside linerboard with the specialprinting already on it, but would supply its own inside liner and corrugating medium. The outside liner would be supplied by the Southern Division at a price equivalent of $90 a thousand boxes,and it would be printed for $30 a thousand by the Thompson Division. Of the $30, about $25 would be out-of-pocketcosts. Since this situation appearedto be a little unusual, William Kenton, manager of the Northern Division, discussedthe wide discrepancy of bids with Birch’s commercialvice president. He told the vice president:†We sell in a very competitivemarket, where higher costscannot be passedon. How canwe be expectedto show a decent profit and return on investment if we have to buy our supplies at more than 10 percent over the going market? † Knowing that Mr. Brunner on occasionin the past few months had beenunable to operate the Thompson Division at capacity,it seemedodd to the vice president that Mr. Brunner would add the full 20 percent overheadand profit chargeto his out-of-pocketcosts. When he was asked about this, Mr. Brunner’s answer was the statement that appears at the beginning of the case. He went on to say that having donethe developmentalwork on the box, and having receivedno profit on that, he felt entitled to a goodmarkup on the production of the box itself. The vice president explored further the cost structures of the various divisions. He remembereda comment that the controller had made at a meeting the week before to the effect that costs which were variable for one division could be largely fIXedfor the companyas a whole. He knew that in the absence of specific orders from top management Mr. Kenton would acceptthe lowest bid, which was that of the West Paper Companyfor $430. However,it would be possiblefor top managementto order the acceptance another bid if the situof ation warranted such action. And though the volume representedby the transactionsin questionwas less than 5 percent of the volume of any of the divisions involved, other transactions would conceivablyraise similar problemslater. Questions 1. Which bid should Northern Division acceptthat is in the best interests of Birch Paper Company? 2. Should Mr. Kenton acceptthis bid? Why or why not? 3. Should the vice president of Birch Paper Companytake any action? 4. In the controversydescribed,how,if at all, is the transfer price system dysfunctional? Doesthis problem call for somechange,or changes, the transin fer pricing policy of the overall firm? If so, what specific changesdo you suggest?

Athenian people essays

Athenian people essays The Athenian people are loyal just to Athens; they live by a code, which prevents them from doing any wrong. Having respect of the law and the authorities for which they bring carries this out. Their beliefs enable them to follow ones heart were as not relying upon tricky management. Because of this belief they tend to relate to friends as people receiving favors from them because they feel that they owe them something until the debt what ever it maybe is paid off. These people wanted to be models for their neighbors, so that ever one would know how had the best citizens. Pericles gave a inaccurate description in his funeral oration of the Athenians people which were based on a certain law cases. One such cases is, the Diogeiton- A grandfather Turns Embezzler. The second case presented was the In-Law Problems- A Poisonous Stepmother. In the case of Diogeiton- A Grandfather Turns Embezzler (c. 400), pp. 214-217 The brother of Diogeitons was Diodotus, he was an extremely wealthy businessman. In the beginning Diegeiton some how convinced his brother to marry his daughter. Diogeiton hoped that somehow he would be able to benefit from his brothers success if something was to happen. Right after this Diodotus was summoned to serve in the military, so he thought it would be a good idea to go ahead and write a will out so that if anything happened to him his brother would be able to take care of his wife and children. Diodotus also decided to leave Diogeiton with a large sum of money. Diogeiton was the first to be notified of his brothers death. He remembered that Diodotus had made a will, which was left at his house, before he went off. Diogeiton then proceed to run to his brothers house so that he could get rid of the will before people find out about it. He retrieved the will before anyone else could. After t hat he went to go tell the rest of his family what happened to their unfortunate si ...

Computed Tomography Essays

Computed Tomography Essays Computed Tomography Essay Computed Tomography Essay 1. Introduction One of the most used techniques in the imagiology field is called Computed Tomography ( CT ) , a method to get pieces of the organic structure based on the fading of X raies. This monograph will seek to roll up the most of import information about CT, viz. its history, physical rules, cardinal instrumentality, informations acquisition and processing techniques, every bit good as its applications. First, a brief circuit through the history of the technique will be taken, while some of the most of import accomplishments will be referred. The get downing point will be the find of the X raies, so go throughing through the creative activity of the first CT scanner and the development of informations analysis and processing algorithms. Then, a concise alteration of the development of the scanners will be done, defining the different coevalss of scanners and the cardinal characteristics of each one. In order to understand how an object can be scanned by this technique, a reappraisal of the physical constructs that constitute the footing of CT will be done. More exactly, we will discourse the fading of radiation while go throughing through objects. A short description of how X-rays interact with affair and the construct of additive fading coefficient will be discussed. The instrumentality needed for CT will shortly be referred, in peculiar the most of import constituents of a CT scanner will be briefly explained. As informations acquired by the scanners are non displayed in the manner they are obtained, we will subsequently explicate the most used methods to treat and analyse the great sum of information acquired by the CT sensors. The procedure of making a graduated table to stand for informations the CT Numberss will later be overviewed, in order to understand how images are created and shown to the physicians. A description of how CT allows to separate different anatomical constructions and how it permits to see merely the constructions we want will besides be done. After that, an numbering of some of the many clinical applications of CT will be done, cognizing at the start that it will be impossible to name all the applications, ground why merely a few will be referred. Besides, it is non the chief end of this monograph, although it is indispensable to understand the important importance of CT in the medicine field. Finally, we will seek to speculate about the hereafter of CT, specifically what it can be improved and what are the existent challenges for this technique and how it can be overcame. This monograph is portion of the Hospital and Medical Instrumentation class and pretends to be an overall position of CT, ground why there is non thorough item in each subdivision ( for more item in the approached subjects, please read the mentions ) . three-dimensional Reconstruction techniques will non be discussed because it is the subject of another group. Acute instrumentality will non be exploited because it non exploited in the class every bit good. 2. Historical Background The history of CT started with the find of X raies in 1895 by Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen, which gave him the Physics Nobel Prize in 1901. During 1917, the Austrian mathematician Johann Radon developed a survey in which he demonstrated that doing several projections in different waies of a stuff and animating its associated form, it was possible to obtain a piece where 1 could qualify different densenesss of the stuff. The thought of utilizing these mathematical methods to make images of pieces of the human organic structure in radiographic movies was proposed by the Italian radiotherapist Alessandro Vallebona in 1930. Between 1956 and 1963, the physicist Allan Cormack developed a method to cipher the distribution of captive radiation in the human organic structure based on transmittal measurings, which allowed to observe smaller fluctuations in soaking up. [ 2 ] , [ 3 ] , [ 4 ] In the twelvemonth of 1972, Sir Godfrey Hounsfield ( who won the Nobel Prize in Medicine or Physiology in 1979, shared with Cormack ) invented the first CT scanner in United Kingdom when he was working at EMI Company, which, at the clip, was really best known for its connexion to the music universe. The original paradigm, called EMI Scanner , recorded 160 points for each projection in 180 different angles ( with stairss of 1 A ; deg ; ) and each piece took 5 proceedingss to be acquired. A 180160 matrix was so constructed with these informations, which took 2 and half hours to be analyzed until the concluding 2D-images could be visualized. The first types of scanners required the patient s caput to be immerged in a water-filled container in order to cut down the difference of X raies fading between the beams that crossed the skull and the 1s that merely crossed the environment, because the sensor had a little scope of strengths that it could mensurate. [ 5 ] , [ 6 ] During the subsequent old ages, CT scanners increased its complexness, and based on that development, we can separate five coevalss of machines that will be discussed in the following subdivision ( Section 3 ) . Subsequently, in 1989, it was developed a new technique in which information acquisition was done continuously the coiling CT scanning utilizing the motion of the platform where the patient was lying. [ 4 ] Presents, CT machines have evidently superior public presentations than the paradigms of the 70 s. In fact, several rows of sensors have been added which now allows enrollment of multiple pieces at the same clip the multislices scanners. These betterments allowed to stand for informations in 10241024 matrixes, which have a 1 megapixel pel declaration. [ 7 ] , [ 8 ] 3. Development of CT Scanners Over the clip, the basicss of informations acquisition and the cardinal features of the machines changed in many ways. This fact, let us to divide the development of the CT scanners in five coevalss. 3.1 First Generation Parallel Beam The first technique implemented in CT commercial machines consisted of the emanation of a parallel X-ray beam that passed through the patient until it reached a sensor located on the opposite side. Both X-ray and sensor were topographic point in the border of a ring with the patient as the centre. The X-ray beginning, every bit good as the sensor, suffered a additive interlingual rendition gesture to get informations from all mater s waies. Then, the X-ray tubing and the sensor, was rotated about 1 A ; deg ; , holding the patient as isocenter, and a new beam was emitted and the motion of interlingual rendition restarted. This procedure was repeated until it reached 180 A ; deg ; and, for each rhythm of emitted beams, 160 projections of the stuff on analysis were recorded. The extremely collimated beam provided first-class rejection of scattered radiation in the patient. At this point, the most used image Reconstruction technique was the backprojection. Subsequently in this work ( S ection 6 ) we will explicate the techniques used in Reconstruction. The clip needed for informations acquisition was highly long ( 5 proceedingss per piece ) , due to technological restrictions. [ 8 ] 3.2 Second Generation Fan beam In the 2nd coevals, the collimated beam was replaced by a fan X-ray beam and the simple sensor was replaced by a additive array of sensors. This progress resulted in a shorter scan clip, although this technique still continued to utilize a conjugate source-detector interlingual rendition gesture. At the same clip, the algorithms used to retrace the piece images became more complicated. Because of the huge sum of clip needed to get informations, both the first and 2nd coevalss of scanners were limited to caput and appendages scans, because those were the parts of the organic structure that could stay immobilized during the long scan clip. [ 9 ] , [ 2 ] , [ 8 ] 3.3 Third coevals Revolving sensors The 3rd coevals of scanners emerged in 1976. In this coevals, the fan beam was big plenty to wholly incorporate the patient, which made the interlingual rendition motion redundant and the scanner commenced to put to death merely the rotational motion. Such as the fan beam, besides the sensors became large plenty to enter all informations of each piece at a clip. The sensor consisted of a line with 100s of independent sensors that, like as in the 2nd coevals, rotated attached to the X-ray beginning, which required up to 5 seconds to get each piece. The power supply was now made by a faux pas ring system placed on the gauntry, which allowed to continually revolve it without the demand to change by reversal the revolving gesture to untwist the power overseas telegrams used earlier, as it was needed after each rotary motion in first and 2nd coevalss. [ 2 ] , [ 8 ] 3.4 Fourth coevals Fixed sensors This coevals was implemented in the late 70 s and its invention was a stationary ring of sensors that surrounded the patient. In this instance, merely the X-ray beam had motion. The ring consisted of a 600 to 4800 independent sensors that consecutive recorded the projections, so detector and beginning were no longer associated. However, sensors were calibrated twice during each rotary motion of the X-ray beginning, supplying a self-calibrating system. Third coevals systems were calibrated merely one time every few hours. In the 4th coevals systems, two sensors geometries were used. The first one consists of a revolving fan beam inside the fixed ring of sensors and the 2nd 1 has the fan beam outside the ring. These technological progresss provided a decrease of the scan times to 5s per image and piece spacing below 1 millimeter. Both 3rd and 4th coevalss are available in market and both have success in medical activities. [ 8 ] , [ 2 ] 3.5 Fifth Generation Scaning negatron beam The invention of the 5th coevals of CT scanners ( early 80 s ) was a new system of X-ray beginning. While the ring of sensors remains stationary, it was added a new semicircular strip of wolfram and one negatron gun which is placed in the patient alliance. By directing this negatron beam to the anode of the tungsten strip, the release of X-ray radiation is induced. This method consequences in a no traveling parts system, i.e. no mechanical gesture is needed to enter information because the sensors wholly surround the patients and the electronic beam is directed electronically. The four mark rings and the two sensor Bankss allow eight pieces to be acquired at the same clip, which cut down the scan clip and, accordingly, the gesture artifacts. This fact led to the decrease of scan clip to between 33 and 100 MS, which is sufficient to capture images of the bosom during its cardiac rhythm, ground why it is the most used in diagnostic of cardiac disease. For that ground, this is besides c alled Ultrafast CT ( UFCT ) or Cardiovascular CT ( CVCT ) Because of the uninterrupted scan, particular accommodations in the algorithm are needed to cut down image artefacts. [ 2 ] , [ 8 ] , [ 9 ] 3.6 Coiling Scanners The thought of making a coiling CT came with the demand for scans of three-dimensional images. This system to get three-dimensional CT images was born in the early 90 s and consists of a continue interlingual rendition motion of the tabular array which supports the patient. This technique is based on the 3rd coevals of machines and allows scan times of the venters to be reduced from 10 proceedingss to 1 minute, which reduces the gesture artifacts. Besides, a three-dimensional theoretical account of the organ under survey can be reconstructed. The most complex invention of this technique consists of the information processing algorithms, because they must see the coiling way of X-ray beam around the patient. Technically, this was possible merely due to the faux pas ring system implemented on the 3rd coevals of scanner. [ 9 ] , [ 8 ] , [ 10 ] 3.7 Cone beam After the development of new techniques, sensors, methods and algorithms, nowadays the inquiry is: How many pieces can we get at same clip? . The reply to this inquiry lies in the arrangement of several rows of sensors and the transmutation of a fan beam X ray to a three-dimensional cone beam. Nowadays, makers have already placed 64 rows of sensors ( multislice systems ) and the image quality reached high degrees. Furthermore, the wholly scan of a construction takes now about 15 seconds or even less. [ 2 ] 4. Physical Principles The basic rule of CT is mensurating the spacial denseness distribution of a human organ or a portion of the organic structure. It is similar to conventional X-ray, in which an X-ray beginning of unvarying strength is directed to the patient and the image is generated by the projection of the X raies against a movie. The X raies are emitted with a certain strength I0 and they emerge on the other side of the patient with a lower strength I. The strength decreases while traversing the patient, because radiation interacts with affair. More exactly, X raies used in CT are of the order of 120kV and, with that energy ( 120 keV ) , they interact with tissues chiefly by photoelectric ( largely at lower energies ) and Compton effects ( at higher energies ) , although they can besides interact by coherent spread, besides called Rayleigh spread ( 5 % to 10 % of the entire interactions ) . Photoelectric consequence consists of the emanation of an negatron ( photoelectron ) from the irradiated affair caused by the soaking up of the X ray s energy by an interior negatron of the medium. In Compton consequence, a X-ray photon interacts with an outer negatron of affair and deviates its flight, reassigning portion of its energy to the negatron, which is so ejected. In consistent spread, the energy of the X ray is absorbed by the tissue doing the negatrons to derive harmonic gesture and is so reradiated in a random way as a secondary X ray. [ 10 ] , [ 11 ] , [ 12 ] , [ 13 ] , [ 14 ] CT X raies are non monoenergetic, but for now, to simplify the apprehension of this construct, we will see them monoenergetic. When an X ray ( every bit good as other radiation ) passes through a stuff, portion of its strength is absorbed in the medium and, as a effect, the concluding strength is lower than the initial 1. More exactly, the Beer s Law states that strength transmitted through the medium depends on the additive fading coefficient of the stuff  µ if we consider that we are in presence of a homogenous medium and the thickness of the stuff ten harmonizing to the undermentioned look: The job with conventional radiogram is that it merely provides an incorporate value for  µ along the way of the X-ray, which means that we have a two-dimensional projection of a three-dimensional anatomy. As it can be easy understood, all the constructions and variety meats at the same degree will look overlapped in the image. As a effect, some inside informations can non be perceived and some variety meats may non be wholly seen. For illustration, it is really difficult to see the kidneys in a conventional skiagraphy because the bowels appear in forepart of them. [ 15 ] , [ 16 ] , [ 11 ] Furthermore, as there are many values of ( typically one for each point of the scanned portion of the organic structure ) , it is non possible to cipher their values with one scorch step. However, if steps of the same plane by many different waies are made, all the coefficients may be calculated, and that is what CT does. As Figure 4 shows, a narrow X-ray beam that is produced by the beginning in the way of a sensor, which means that merely a narrow piece of the organic structure is imaged and the value of strength recorded by the sensor depends on all the stuff crossed by the X ray in its manner. That is the ground why it is called imaging it derives from the Greek tomos which means to cut or subdivision. Many informations of X-ray transmittal through a plane of an object ( an organ or a party of the organic structure ) from several waies are recorded and are so used to retrace the object by signal processing techniques. These techniques will be discussed subsequently in this monog raph ( Section 6 ) . The tightly collimated X-ray beam ensures that no important spread is present in order to guarantee a low signal/noise ratio ratio ( SNR ) , a necessary premiss to obtain a faithful image of the scanned object. For that ground, unlike conventional imaging, in CT, patient s constructions located outside the country that is being imaged do non interfere. [ 17 ] , [ 9 ] , [ 12 ] 5. Instrumentality The X-ray system is composed by an X-ray beginning, collimators, sensors and a data-acquisition system ( DAS ) . X-ray beginning is doubtless the most of import portion, because it is what determines the quality of the image. [ 10 ] , [ 8 ] 5.1 The X-ray beginning The footing of the X-ray beginning ( called X-ray tubing ) is to speed up a beam of negatrons between two electrodes against a metal mark and is shown in Figure 5. The cathode is a coiled wolfram fibril, which is crossed by a current which causes the fibril to heat up. At high temperatures ( 2220 A ; deg ; C ) , the wolfram releases negatrons, a procedure called thermionic emanation. A 15 to 150 kilovolts possible difference is applied between the cathode and the anode, which forces the released negatrons to speed up towards the anode. [ 10 ] When the negatrons hit the anode, they produce X raies by two ways. On the one manus, when an negatron base on ballss near the wolfram karyon, it is deflected by an attractive electric force ( because the karyon is positively charged and the negatron has a negative charge ) and loses portion of their energy as X raies. As there are an tremendous figure of possible interactions and each one leads to a partial loss of kinetic energy, the produced X raies have a great scope of energies, as Figure 5 shows. This procedure is called bremsstrahlung ( i.e. braking radiation ) . On the other manus, if an negatron from the cathode hits and penetrates an atom of the anode, it can clash with an interior negatron of it, doing the negatron to be ejected and the atom to hold a hole , which is filled by an outer negatron. The difference of adhering energy of these two negatrons is released as an X ray. This procedure is called characteristic radiation, because its energy depends on the adhering en ergy of the negatrons, which is characteristic of a given stuff. [ 10 ] , [ 9 ] , [ 15 ] The tubing current represents the figure of negatrons that pass from the cathode to the anode per unit of clip. Typical values for CT are from 200 up to 1000 ma. The possible difference between the electrodes is by and large of 120 kilovolts, which produces an energy spectrum runing from 30 to 120 keV. The tubing end product is the merchandise between the tubing current and the electromotive force between the electrodes and it is desired to hold high values because that permits a shorter scan clip, which reduces the artefacts due to motion ( such as for bosom scans ) . [ 10 ] , [ 8 ] Production of X raies in these tubings is an inefficient procedure and most of the power supplied to the tubing is converted in warming of the anode. So, a heat money changer is needed to chill the tubing. This heat money changer is placed on the revolving gauntry. Spiral CT in peculiar requires high chilling rates of the X-ray tubing and high heat storage capacity. [ 8 ] 5.2 Collimators The negatron beam released from the beginning is a spread beam, usually larger than the coveted field-of-view ( FOV ) of the image. Normally, the fan beam breadth is set for 1 to 10 millimeters ( although recent CT scanner allow submilimetric preciseness ) , with determines the breadth of the imaged piece. The collimator is placed between the beginning and the patient and is composed by lead sheets to curtail the beam merely to the needed waies. An X-ray beam larger than the FOV leads to a larger figure of X raies emitted than the 1s needed to the scan and that has two jobs: the radiation dose given to the patient is increased unnecessarily ; and the figure of Compton-scattered radiation additions. [ 10 ] , [ 8 ] 5.3 Antiscatter grids An ideal CT system merely with primary radiation ( x-rays emitted from the beginning ) making the sensor does non be and Compton spread is ever present. As this spread is indiscriminately distributed and has no utile information about the distribution of denseness of the scanned object, it merely contributes to the decrease of image contrast and should be minimized to the upper limit. This, because unlike photoelectric consequence, Compton consequence has a low contrast between tissues. As referred above, collimators are utile to restrict the X-ray beam to the FOV. However, even with a collimator, 50 % to 90 % of the radiation that reaches the sensor is secondary radiation. To cut down the Compton spread, antiscatter grids can be placed between the sensor and the patient. [ 10 ] An antiscatter grid consists of strips of sheets oriented parallel to the primary radiation way combined with a support of aluminium, which drastically reduces the spread radiation that has non the way of the primary one, as illustrated in Figure 6. In order to non take down the image quality because of the grid shadiness, the strips should be narrow. There is, nevertheless, a trade-off between the decrease of spread radiation ( that better the image contrast ) and the dosage that must be given to the patient to hold the same figure of detected X raies. [ 10 ] 5.4 Detectors At the beginning, single-slice CT scanners with merely one beginning and one sensor were used. However, these took much clip to get an image, ground why the development brought us single-source, multiple-detector machinery and multislice systems. The 3rd and 4th coevalss added a broad X-ray fan beam and a larger figure of sensors to the gauntry ( typically from 512 to 768 ) , which permitted to get more information in a smaller clip. The sensors used in CT must be extremely efficient to minimise the dosage given to the patient, have a big dynamic scope and be really stable over the clip and over temperature fluctuations inside the gauntry. Three factors contribute to overall efficiency: geometric efficiency ( fraction of the entire country of sensor that is sensitive to radiation ) , quantum efficiency ( the fraction of incident X raies that is absorbed to lend to signal ) and transition efficiency ( the ability to change over the captive X raies into electrical signal ) . These sensors can be of two types ( shown in Figure 7 ) : solid-state sensors or gas ionisation sensors. Solid-state sensors consist of an array of scintillating crystals and photodiodes, while gas ionisation sensors consist of an array of compressed gas Chamberss to which is applied a high electromotive force to garner ions produced by radiation in inside the chamber. The gas is kept under a high force per unit area, to maximise interactions between X raies and gas molecules, which produce electro-ion braces. [ 10 ] , [ 8 ] 5.5 Data-Acquisition System The familial fraction of the incident X-ray strength ( I/I0 in equation 1 ) can be every bit little as 10-4, ground why DAS must be really accurate over a great scope. The function of DAS is to get these informations and so encode it into digital values and convey these to computing machines for Reconstruction to get down. DAS make usage of many electronic constituents, such as preciseness preamplifiers, current-to-voltage convertors, parallel planimeters, multiplexers and analog-to-digital convertors. The logarithmic measure needed in equation 3 to acquire the values of  µi can be performed with an parallel logarithmic amplifier. Data transportation is a important measure to guarantee velocity to the whole procedure and used to be done by direct connexion between DAS and the computing machine. However, with the visual aspect of revolving scanners in 3rd and 4th coevalss, these transportation rate, which is every bit high as 10 Mbytes/s is now accomplished by optical senders placed on the revolving gauntry that send information to repair optical receiving systems. [ 8 ] 5.6 Computer system The information acquisition of the projections, the Reconstruction of the signal, the show of the reconstructed informations and the use of tomographic images is possible by computing machine systems used to command the hardware. Current systems consist of 12 processors which achieve 200 MFLOPS ( million floating-point operations per second ) and can retrace an image of 10241024 pels in less than 5 seconds. [ 8 ] 6. Signal Processing and Analyzing Techniques As informations are acquired in several waies ( e.g. with increases of 1 A ; deg ; or even less ) and each way is split in several distinguishable points ( e.g. 160 or more ) , at least 28 800 points are stored, which means that there must be efficient mathematical and computational techniques to analyse all this information. A square matrix stand foring a two-dimensional map of the fluctuation of X-ray soaking up with the place is so reconstructed. There are four major techniques to analyse these informations, which we will discourse later. [ 12 ] 6.1 Coincident additive equations As it was referred above ( Section 4 ) , there is a step of for each pel, which means that modern CT scanners deal with 1 048 576 points for each piece ( nowadays the matrixes used are 10241024 ) . As a consequence, to bring forth the image of one individual piece, a system of at least 1 048 576 equations must be solved ( one equation for each unknown variable ) , which means that this technique is wholly unserviceable. In fact, imagine that in 1967, Hounsfield built the first CT scanner, which took 9 yearss to get the information of a individual piece and 21 hours to calculate the equations ( and by the clip, the matrix had merely 28 000 entries ) . Besides, nowadays CT scanners get about 50 % more steps than it would be needed in order to cut down noise and artefacts, which would necessitate even more computational resources. [ 16 ] , [ 11 ] , [ 8 ] 6.2 Iterative These techniques try to cipher the concluding image by little accommodations based on the acquired steps. Three major fluctuations of this method can be found: Algebraic Reconstruction Technique ( ART ) , Coincident Iterative Reconstruction Technique ( SIRT ) and Iterative Least-Squares Technique ( ILST ) . These fluctuations differ merely in the manner corrections are made: ray-by-ray, pixel-by-pixel or the full information at the same time, severally. In ART as an illustration, informations of one angular place are divided into every bit separated elements along each beam. Then, these informations are compared with correspondent informations from another angular place and the differences between X-ray fading are added every bit to the fitting elements. Basically, for each step, the system tries to establish out how each pel value can be modified to hold with the peculiar step that is being analyzed. In order to set steps with pel values, if the amount of the entries along one way is lower than the experimental step for that way, all the pels are increased. Otherwise, if the amount of the entries is higher than the mensural fading, pels are decreased in value. By reiterating this iterative rhythm, we will increasingly diminish the mistake in pels, until we get an accurate image. ART was used in the first commercial scanner in 1972, but it is no longer used because iterative methods are normally slow. Besides, this method implies th at all informations must be acquired before the Reconstruction begins. [ 9 ] , [ 16 ] 6.3 Filtered backprojection Backprojection is a formal mathematical technique that reconstructs the image based merely on the projection of the object onto image planes in different waies. Each way is given the same weight and the overall additive fading coefficient is generated by the amount of fading in each X-ray way that intersects the object from different angular places. In a simpler mode, backprojection can be constructed by smearing each object s position back trough the image plane in the way it was registered. When this processed is finished for all the elements of the anatomic subdivision, one obtains a incorporate image of the additive fading coefficients, which is itself a rough Reconstruction of the scanned object. An illustration of this technique is represented in Figure 8. By its analysis, it is besides clear that the concluding image is blurred, which means that this technique needs a small betterment, which is given by filtered backprojection. [ 12 ] , [ 9 ] , [ 16 ] Filtered backprojection is hence used to rectify the blurring end point from simple backprojection. It consists of using a filter meat to each of the 1-Dimensional projections of the object. That is done by convoluting a deblurring map with the X-ray transmittal informations before they are projected. The filter removes from data the frequences of the X-ray responsible for most of the blurring. As we can see in Figure 8, the filter has two important effects. On the one manus, it degrees the top of the pulsation, doing the signal uniform within it. On the other manus, it negatively spikes the sides of the pulsation, so these negative vicinities will neutralize the blurring consequence. As a consequence, the image produced by this technique is consistent with the scanned object, if an infinite figure of positions and an infinite figure of points per position are acquired. [ 16 ] , [ 9 ] Compared with the two old methods this procedure has besides the advantage that Reconstruction can get down at the same clip that informations are being acquired and that is one of the grounds why it is one of the most popular methods presents. [ 9 ] 6.4 Fourier Reconstruction The last signal processing technique that will be discussed in this monograph is the Fourier Reconstruction which consists of analysing informations in the frequence sphere alternatively of the spacial sphere. For this, one takes each angular orientation of the X-ray fading form and decomposes it on its frequence constituents. In the frequence sphere, the scanned image is seen as a two-dimensional grid, over which we place a dark line for the spectrum of each position, as Figure 9 shows. To retrace the image, one has to take the 1-Dimensional Fast Fourier Transform ( FFT ) . Then, harmonizing to the Fourier Slice Theorem, each position s spectrum is indistinguishable to the values of one line ( piece ) through the image spectrum, guaranting that, in the grid, each position has the same angle that was originally acquired. Finally, the reverse FFT of the image spectrum is used to accomplish a Reconstruction of the scanned object. 7. Datas Display As it was said earlier ( Section 6 ) , additive fading coefficients give us a rough image of the object. In fact, they can be expressed in dB/cm, but as they are dependent on the incident radiation energy, CT scanning does non utilize the fading coefficients to stand for the image, but alternatively it uses integer Numberss called CT Numberss. These are on occasion, but on the side, called Hounsfield units and have the undermentioned relation with the additive fading coefficients: where  µ is the additive fading coefficient of each pel and  µw is the additive fading coefficient of H2O. This CT figure depends clearly on the medium. For human applications, we may see that CT figure varies from -1000 for air and 1000 for bone, with CT figure of 0 for H2O, as it is easy seen from equation 5. [ 9 ] , [ 13 ] , [ 4 ] , [ 12 ] The CT Numberss of the scanned object are so presented on the proctor as a gray graduated table. As shown in Figure 10, CT Numberss have a big scope and as human oculus can non separate so many types of greies, it is normally used a window to demo a smaller scope of CT Numberss, depending on what it is desired to see. The Window Width ( WW ) identifies the scope of CT Numberss and accordingly alters the contrast ( as Figures 11 and 12 show ) , whereas Window Level ( W

Interview gone wrong It might be the interviewer. Here’s how to judge.

Interview gone wrong It might be the interviewer. Here’s how to judge. When you stroll out of a good interview, it can feel like you’re walking on air. When you walk out of a bad one, it can feel like you have the weight of the world on your shoulders. Usually, where you land on this spectrum can tell you how good your chances of getting the job are. But sometimes, you can have a â€Å"bad† interview without botching your chances at getting hired. The fault for a bad interview can lie not with the interviewee, but with the interviewer. Bad Interviewers versus tough interviewersWhat you need to understand is that not all businesses are pros when it comes to screening potential employees. Some have had their interview and background check policies in place for years. Others have only recently implemented processes for vetting new people and are working to refine those processes. As a result, it’s more than likely that you will run into at least one or two inexperienced or downright bad interviewers while you are on the job search.The tricky thing is knowing how to distinguish truly incompetent hiring managers from interviewers who are tough but fair. You might be inclined to dislike a tough interviewer if the interview doesn’t go the way you want it to- especially if you have been searching for a job for a while and are running low on patience. Still, knowing how to tell the bad interviewers from the tough interviewers is essential. It can tell you how you should feel about your interview, which steps you need to take to improve your interview technique, and whether you are still interested in the job. After all, a truly bad interviewer might indicate bad management or sloppy administrative organization.The symptoms of an incompetent interviewerSo how can you tell when a hiring manager is really dropping the ball? Below, we’ve listed some of the most common symptoms of bad interviewers and what they might mean for you.Unbalanced conversationsA job interview is a chance for employers to learn more a bout you and for you to learn more about the job opportunity. While interviews are often thought of as glorified QA sessions (with the interviewee giving most of the answers), there should be more back and forth than that. Some interviewers deliberately shift this balance one way or the other. Some talk a lot, rambling about their business, going off on tangents, or putting words in the mouth of the interviewee. Others are borderline silent, relying on the interviewee to drive the conversation.Both techniques can sometimes be employed to test the assertiveness of the interviewee. However, in most cases, they create awkward or combative interview situations. No applicant should be put in the position of having to interrupt their interviewer to get a word in edgewise. Similarly, no candidate should have to meander through a one-sided conversation hoping they say what their passive interviewer wants to hear.Either way, you’re probably dealing with a rude person who doesn’ t respect your time or your right to ask questions of your own. If you still want the job, you need to take control of the conversation. In a situation in which an interviewer talks too much, keep your answers to questions rolling with no pauses or openings for an interruption. In a situation in which your interviewer doesn’t talk, accept the challenge. Answer questions pointedly and concisely, retain eye contact at all times, and don’t ramble. If you finish a response and the interviewer doesn’t engage with you, take the opportunity to ask a question of your own. Even an interviewer with a good poker face won’t outright ignore a direct question.MultitaskingThe business world is busy, but not so busy that interviewers can’t give you their full attention for 20 or 30 minutes at a pre-scheduled time. If your interviewer is multitasking during your interview (e.g. checking their phone, responding to emails, taking calls, flagging down passing coworker s or subordinates, or eating lunch), that’s a huge red flag. These distractions can kill your focus, derail your answers, and keep you from getting in the groove. They also make it seem like the interviewer doesn’t care about what you’re saying.Bottom line, interviewers who multitask could be self-absorbed shmucks who think their time is more valuable than yours. If your interviewer won’t give you his or her full attention, gently ask if there is some sort of emergency going on and whether it would be better to reschedule. This query gives the interviewer the benefit of the doubt, shows your flexibility, and gives you a chance of getting a better interview later if there truly is a fire to put out.Keeping you waitingInterviewers often refuse to see candidates who arrive even five minutes late. They expect interviewees to respect their time. Every so often, though, you’ll run into an interviewer who can’t practice what they preach. Again, eme rgencies do happen, and there might be a good reason for your interview starting 10 or 15 minutes late. However, your time is valuable, too, and if an interviewer makes you wait for 20 or more minutes with no explanation or apology, then that’s probably an indicator of a bad boss.Lack of preparationPreparation is another area in which interviewers and interviewees are often judged based on different standards. As an interviewee, you are expected to know a bit about the company you are applying for and to have good questions prepared about the job. Interviewers can sometimes get away with being unprepared just because they are holding all the cards.If it seems like the interviewer hasn’t ever looked at your resume, that’s a red flag, but not a deal breaker. Interviews in which the hiring manager asks you specific questions about past work history are certainly the easiest and most welcoming. However, they aren’t necessarily standard. Interviewers often mee t with several candidates a day during the hiring process, so it makes sense than resumes could start running together.The key is not to let the interviewer’s obvious lack of preparation throw you off your game. Assume the interviewer knows nothing about you and affirm key details about skills, qualifications, past jobs, and former employers in your responses. Bring a copy of your resume to the interview. Most hiring managers print off their own copies, but it’s never a bad idea to have one you can give to the interviewer if necessary. This act shows your preparedness while also subtly jogging the interviewer’s memory.ConclusionBad interviews are going to happen from time to time. Sometimes, the blame may fall on your lap. Other times, a bad interviewer is to blame. By familiarizing yourself with the symptoms of bad interviewers, you should be able to figure out the truth of the matter. While that bit of knowledge might not change the outcome of the interview, i t can change elements of how you perform, how you feel about the experience, and how you learn from your interviews to improve in the future.About the author:Michael Klazema has been developing products for criminal background check and improving online customer experiences in the background screening industry since 2009. He is the lead author and editor for Backgroundchecks.com. He lives in Dallas, TX with his family and enjoys the rich culinary histories of various old and new world countries.

What are the distinctive features of Christian democracy Essay

What are the distinctive features of Christian democracy - Essay Example A Christian democratic government is therefore reform-minded on national economic and fiscal issues. The Christian democrats in Europe more or less follow their Christian leanings and try to apply this in their governmental policies when formulating these policies. But on the other hand, the Christian democrats in other parts of the world (such as in Latin America) are more inclined to the left-of-centre in their political views while their European counterparts can be said to be located towards the right-of-centre of the political spectrum. However, both type of Christian democrats can be said to favour using Christian teachings in their policies. This short paper discusses the distinctive features of a Christian democratic institution. Hopefully, it will enlighten the reader on the various shades of what constitutes the Christian democracy as it is being practised today and help understand how current world events often are shaped by the views of these Christian democratic governments in power. Conservatism and Christian democracy are almost the same in many respects, except for their perceived link to organised religion and the adoption of religious values (Hanley, 1996:32). Christian democracy is primarily an attempt to apply humanitarian principles in matter of political thought. However, because Christian democracy embraces a lot of different ideas, it is sometimes very difficult to categorize it into a single clear-cut ideology. In other words, a political ideology like Christian democracy can significantly evolve over a period of time and in their different political landscapes or context. It has elements in it that are sometimes more in common with conservatism, liberalism and even socialism. These features make it difficult to classify it as a specific ideology but these same features make it distinctive. Traditional Moral Values – the ideology of Christian democracy,

Reaction Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 7

Reaction Paper - Essay Example I did not expect this result and therefore, he scored lowly in this context. However, there was a strong point from the Fall Risk Assessment tool, which gave me expected results. Indeed, the participant remained at high risk of falling even with assistance on his legs. In carrying out the social assessment, I encountered a weakness where despite his quietness and lack of many friends, Mr. Vega seems to live a happy life when he tells stories about his kids and his younger life. I also encountered a strong point where the participant got good support from his family that was educated. They knew how to use available resources to keep the patient away from the hospital. In relation to Community Resource Utilization, I realized a strong point in that the patient and family had enough knowledge on how to use community resources. On health promotion activities, I received recommendations from senior medical practitioners that had detailed knowledge on heart failure. I validated that the pa rticipant got the recommendations by the fact that they came in a language he would understand and the fact that his memory was equally sharp. In my line of collecting data and doing interviews, I used an understandable language, polite language, and asked question that were easy to generate a response. Indeed, I was so comfortable with the reception I got, the response from the participant, and the collected data. However, I would recommend the time of collecting data to be long to capture the attention of the old participants wholly. Health promotion is important to the group in that it derives a better understanding on heart failure and its variance with

Sermon on mount Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Sermon on mount - Essay Example ‘ To love is to will good for someone’ (Kraut, 3-20) Thus, it is sensible to do all we can to see a different person get and have a good life no matter how great ones life does not seem to be. The need to write on the topic on the sermon on the mount is to clarify various confusions cited by people each time on the relevance of the topic (Prabhavananda, 13). Using different theories of various philosophers is important to create a substantial evidence as well as to leave any unanswered questions answered fully. Some critics have paid tribute to it since it is the best benevolent teachings in time immemorial, and considering the fact that the teachings can be taken literally. They give an example of St Francis of Assisi the man who risked his life to assist other individuals in the society. He gave up everything and lived in abject poverty to see other humans live comfortably. Another example of one who gave up everything and whose actions can be compared to the teachings in the beatitudes is Padre Pio. He gave up everything and the only wealth he remained with were his priesthood veil, and a pair of sandals just to watch others have a better life. â€Å"How then can the focal point of the sermon on the mount be a sentence that says, ‘be perfect’? and be perfect ‘just as god is perfect’?† (Vaught, 4). This chapter involves proving the fact that the teachings from the sermon in the mount are substantial enough to prove the fact that justice over powers injustice, and that the just live a more fulfilling life than the unjust. From this confusion and argument, substantial evidence is needed to give the people the most suitable answer. Thesis Statement On the issue of whether justice or injustice is important, I take the side of justice being the best and choose to argue out the point in various perspective. Using various points and theories to prove the importance on the message about justice in the beatitudes is essent ial. Using theories like that of Plato, Aristotle, Nitsche and Jesus is essential. Argument 1 In Plato’s Reasoning theory, he supports the fact that justice is better compared to injustice. Plato defines justice as well as its characteristics. He further explains the point that when a city is just, its inhabitants will always live at peace with each other without much ado (Ashbaugh, 48). Plato uses this theory to challenge the sophophists as to why one has to live morally in this life. Comparing this to the teaching on the sermon on the mount, is clear that a just person is one ruled by reasoning. Reasoning is Plato explains that of the three human energies; reason, appetite and emotion, reason surpasses all the other two (Ashbaugh, 7). Plato said, â€Å"Morality is a necessary cause of happiness, one’s happiness is correlary to ones moral behavior.† â€Å"Therefore, an immoral person would be motivated to be moral if he wants to be happy. The happy person is t he just person† (Taylor, 10-23). His is proof that the sermon on the mount’s teachings on living justly to be happy, and for the satisfaction and peace of soul is proof that a just person is happier than the unjust person (Wagner, 4). Argument 2 I quote Aristotle â€Å"The hearer is the one who determines the speech’s end and object.† (Kraut, 3-20) This may present the Sermon on the mount as a more that Jesus might have said

Disseminating-Evidence Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Disseminating-Evidence Project - Essay Example Conversely, induced hypothermia can also occur through non-invasive means, typically involving the use of a chilled water blanket, leg wraps or torso vests placed in direct contact with the skin of the patient. Previously conducted studies indicate that patients with the potential risk for ischemic brain injuries have immense chances positive outcomes when treated with an induced hypothermia protocol (Binks et al. 2010). This paper will examine the medical protocol of induced hypothermia, discussing its inherent advantages on neurological outcomes. The paper will provide an account of induced hypothermia, describing the different protocols and effects of hypothermia on the human brain. The paper will culminate with a comprehensive dissemination plan that entails a roundtable discussion. Since its inception, induced hypothermia protocols have proved quite effective. Background Medical practitioners have applied hypothermia therapeutically since ancient times. The history of induced hy pothermia dates as far back as the Hippocrates era although the first published medical article on induced hypothermia was in 1945. The world’s initial modern doctor i.e. Greek physician Hippocrates endorsed the packing of injured soldiers using ice and snow. Napoleonic surgeon Dominique Jean Larrey observed that officers kept near fire had lower survival chances than officers kept in cold environments. The study first published in 1945 focused on the impacts of hypothermia on patients affected by head injuries. In the mid 20th century, hypothermia obtained its initial medical application used in intracerbal aneurysm surgery with a view to establish a bloodless field. Notably, most of the initial research into induced hypothermia concentrated on the application of deep hypothermia i.e. applications of body temperatures between 20-25 Â °C. This extreme drop in body temperature produces an array of effects that made the application of deep hypothermia quite impractical. The 19 50s also saw intense investigation of mild forms of induced hypothermia, i.e. 32-34 Â °C. During this period, Dr. Rosomoff exemplified in dogs the advantages of mild hypothermia pursuant to a traumatic brain injury or ischemia. Researchers conducted further animal studies in the 1980s showing the capacity of mild hypothermia to function as a general neuroprotectant, especially after obstruction of blood flow to the brain (Sessler, 2005). In 1999, after a skiing accident Anna Bagenholm’s heart stopped beating for at least three hours during which her body temperature was 13.7 Â °C prior to resuscitation. In addition to animal studies, as well as Anna Bagenholm’s misfortune, there have been at least two landmark studies published in 2002 in the New England Journal of Medicine. Both studies demonstrated the benefits of applying mild hypothermia following a cardiac arrest. Subsequently, in 2003, the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILOR) and the American Heart Association (AHA) endorsed the application of mild hypothermia after cardiac arrest. Presently, a growing number of hospitals worldwide incorporate the recommendations of AHA/ILCOR and embrace hypothermic protocols in their standard care packages for patients who suffer cardiac arrest. Certain researchers further contend that induced hypothermia is a better neuroprotectant after obstruction

Asian Population-reaction paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Asian Population-reaction paper - Essay Example Most Japanese sculptures consist of images of Buddha. Japanese women have a unique mode of dressing, mostly referred to as â€Å"Kimono† Married women dress differently from the unmarried women. Dressing code is associated with the place of woman in the society. A Japanese woman is expected to be respectful and always abide by his husbands demands. Most Japanese women were treated unequally until the end of World War II. Most Japanese gender roles have changed with many adopting the western cultures. However, the traditional norms still expect the woman to respect the man and hence follow what his husband says. Japanese people have a unique diet. Their diet is mostly composed of rice (Gohan) miso soup, meat or fish and pickled vegetables. Japanese cuisine is made up of light foods that are associated with their longevity. Most of their food practices are also related to their way of life (Kubota, 2014). When dealing with this kind of population, there are many things that I would do differently. I would respect their religion and emphasize on the need for moral ethics as it is also inscribed in their teachings. I would encourage the young people to adopt good living lifestyles as it is the typical segment in most religion. I would also respect women’s opinion and help champion for their rights. I would adopt their feeding habits as it focuses on good health. I would also provide them with alternative light foodstuff that also emphasizes on good health. I would join their martial art school so as to learn their culture very

Disseminating-Evidence Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Disseminating-Evidence Project - Essay Example Conversely, induced hypothermia can also occur through non-invasive means, typically involving the use of a chilled water blanket, leg wraps or torso vests placed in direct contact with the skin of the patient. Previously conducted studies indicate that patients with the potential risk for ischemic brain injuries have immense chances positive outcomes when treated with an induced hypothermia protocol (Binks et al. 2010). This paper will examine the medical protocol of induced hypothermia, discussing its inherent advantages on neurological outcomes. The paper will provide an account of induced hypothermia, describing the different protocols and effects of hypothermia on the human brain. The paper will culminate with a comprehensive dissemination plan that entails a roundtable discussion. Since its inception, induced hypothermia protocols have proved quite effective. Background Medical practitioners have applied hypothermia therapeutically since ancient times. The history of induced hy pothermia dates as far back as the Hippocrates era although the first published medical article on induced hypothermia was in 1945. The world’s initial modern doctor i.e. Greek physician Hippocrates endorsed the packing of injured soldiers using ice and snow. Napoleonic surgeon Dominique Jean Larrey observed that officers kept near fire had lower survival chances than officers kept in cold environments. The study first published in 1945 focused on the impacts of hypothermia on patients affected by head injuries. In the mid 20th century, hypothermia obtained its initial medical application used in intracerbal aneurysm surgery with a view to establish a bloodless field. Notably, most of the initial research into induced hypothermia concentrated on the application of deep hypothermia i.e. applications of body temperatures between 20-25 Â °C. This extreme drop in body temperature produces an array of effects that made the application of deep hypothermia quite impractical. The 19 50s also saw intense investigation of mild forms of induced hypothermia, i.e. 32-34 Â °C. During this period, Dr. Rosomoff exemplified in dogs the advantages of mild hypothermia pursuant to a traumatic brain injury or ischemia. Researchers conducted further animal studies in the 1980s showing the capacity of mild hypothermia to function as a general neuroprotectant, especially after obstruction of blood flow to the brain (Sessler, 2005). In 1999, after a skiing accident Anna Bagenholm’s heart stopped beating for at least three hours during which her body temperature was 13.7 Â °C prior to resuscitation. In addition to animal studies, as well as Anna Bagenholm’s misfortune, there have been at least two landmark studies published in 2002 in the New England Journal of Medicine. Both studies demonstrated the benefits of applying mild hypothermia following a cardiac arrest. Subsequently, in 2003, the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILOR) and the American Heart Association (AHA) endorsed the application of mild hypothermia after cardiac arrest. Presently, a growing number of hospitals worldwide incorporate the recommendations of AHA/ILCOR and embrace hypothermic protocols in their standard care packages for patients who suffer cardiac arrest. Certain researchers further contend that induced hypothermia is a better neuroprotectant after obstruction

Risperidone and the Treatment of Schizophrenia Essay

Risperidone and the Treatment of Schizophrenia - Essay Example Therefore, this literature review proposes addressing the following: Background: Use and Mechanisms: Risperidone is the most widely recommended, second-generation antipsychotic medication for schizophrenia. It blocks excess of dopamine type 2 and serotonin 5-HT2 receptors, and lack of H1 histanminergic, and alpha 2 adrenergic receptors on nerves which cause schizophrenia, by binding to the receptors (Curran & Keating, 2006; Love & Conley, 2004; Pajonk, 2004; Robson & Gray, 2007). Therefore, risperidone has effective clinical outcomes in the treatment of schizophrenia. It is more effective in reducing positive symptoms and more directly effective in decreasing the negative symptoms than the typical antipsychotics (Parjonk, 2003). Also, in a study by Marder (cited in Parjonk, 2003), it was shown that the rate of relapse and rehospitalisation of patients receiving long-term risperidone therapy is much lower than those treated with typical, and other atypical antipsychotics. In addition, it has more significantly beneficial effects on the reduction of af fective symptoms, cognitive symptoms, and the improvement of patients' quality of life compared with typical antipsychotics. ... Therefore, patients with schizoaffective disorders can be improved rapidly by the use of risperidone. Compared with typical antipsychotics, risperidone has a lower risk of adverse effects. In the investigation by Csernansky, Mahmoud, & Brenner (cited in Parjonk, 2003), it was proved that incidents of extrapyramidal side effects (EPSs) of risperidone are more reduced than those experienced with haloperidol. In particular, there is no relationship between cardiac arrest and use of risperidone; therefore, it is safer and more tolerable, reducing the cardiac risk factors. Side Effects of the Use of Risperidone, Expressed in the Literature: In spite of the numerous beneficial effects on risperidone for patients with schizophrenia, adverse effects continue to be a considerable issue relevant to its use. The most recurrent side effects are dizziness, somnolence, insomnia, agitation, and psychosis (Curran & Keating, 2006; Love & Conley, 2004). Also, weight gain is an important side effect, which can lead to diabetes. One of the most highlighted potential adverse effects of higher dose risperidone is EPSs, such as acute dystonia, akathisia, Parkinsonism and TD. In particular; TD can contribute to dysfunction and disturbance of a patient's quality of life, such as social isolation (Courey, 2007). TD is evidenced by abnormal uncontrolled movements of face, mouth, lips, trunk and limbs, such as facial tics, tongue thrusts and rocking trunk, caused by long-term antipsychotics use. Studies have shown that prolonged use of antipsychotic medications such as rispe ridone may induce TD. It was believed that the relationship between risperidone and TD is due to the abnormal production or excessive growth of dopamine receptors, and highly active atoms which then damage

Elementary school Essay Example for Free

Elementary school Essay As the end of the semester approaches, there are lots of experiences and learning that I would like to share during my internship at Paul Revere Elementary school. Just like in any experiences there are good things and bad things all at the same time. These experiences made my stay at Paul Revere Elementary school worth spending. Setting goals is something very important because this makes a person knowledgeable of his/her purpose. Even before going into my internship there are different goals that I would like to attain in my stay at Paul Revere Elementary school. Now that I am approaching the end, I believe that I am able to attain the goals that I established even before I entered my internship. It is also during my stay at Paul Revere Elementary school that I learned lots of things. During my stay there are things that I know that I would learn. One of this would be the importance of education to people especially to young students. My stay at Paul Revere Elementary school made me more aware of how important education is. There are also some things that I did not expect to learn at this school and this is how different students have different needs that teachers needs to consider. This is a very important factor consider in education and learning how to cater to these different needs is something that Paul Revere taught me. Because of these experiences, I believe it strengthened my career choice rather than question it. These experiences are enough proof to show how much I value now being a teacher. Being able to shape young minds is a very rewarding experience and I will never exchange this experience for anything else.

what Does it Mean to be a Good Person?

what Does it Mean to be a Good Person? Everyday across the world we are being told to be a good person, but what does that really mean? Is a good person in America the same as a good person in communist North Korea? I say yes; a good person is unlike the good citizen whose virtue is relevant to the regime in which they live; the good person is a good person no matter the regime while the good citizen is only representative of that which the state deems best. The good man can be good anywhere because he follows virtue, and finds happiness in that virtue. To illustrate this point I will first define the good man then the bad regime, and finally how a good man fits into the bad regime. The Good Man Socrates, while under trial, explained his definition of a good person in refutation of the charge that he was ashamed of pursuing a dangerous occupation that had the possibility of death. He responded You are wrong, sir, if you think that a man who is any good at all should take into account the risk of life or death; he should look to this only in his actions, whether what he does is right or wrong, whether he is acting like a good or a bad man  [1]  Here we have a very cut and dry explanation of the good man, he who does not concern himself with petty personal wants but only whether his actions are good and just. Aristotle sets out a clear boundary between what he considers a good man and a good citizen. For Aristotle the good man is the man that acts and lives virtuously and derives happiness from that virtue. And the good citizen acts to the best virtue of the state and each of these things are quite separate, The good citizen need not of necessity possess the virtue which makes a good man  [2]  The separation is clearly evident, the fact that what makes a good citizen does not qualify someone to be a good person. So being a good person does not mean you have to by association be a good citizen they are two distinctly different states, it is only in the best of regimes that the good person is also the good citizen. The nature of political rule is that rule of those similar in stock and free  [3]  As Aristotle argues if the virtue of a citizen is the capacity to rule and be ruled in turn, then the virtue of the good man is also to have this capacity in the best of regimes. The good in any animal or plant is the same as it is for humans: that to be and act in harmony with the virtue of that species. In a way this is a human participating in that which is most human, to act in harmony with rationality and virtue. The good in acting with the virtue of a human is the perfection of that which can only be described rationally such things as love and justice. To act unto these things is to act with virtue but there also stands limits to everything. To act with too great or too little emphasis in any act is to disrupt balance and pulls the good man from his path of virtue, too much love is obsession, too little disdain either extreme is undesirable to the good man. The good man lives by the Golden Mean that which is not too in excess in either direction. To bring together the definition of a good man, Socrates says he is a man who always considers his actions and acts in a good and just manner. Aristotle says a good man acts unto virtue and derives his happiness and pleasure from that virtue. So we have a man who is prudent, virtuous, and just. This man must now fit into a corrupt regime, a regime that does not follow all those things which make him a good man. The Bad Regime There were six different categories in which all regimes were placed as defined by both Socrates and Aristotle, those of tyranny, monarchy, oligarchy, aristocracy, democracy and polity. Of these regimes tyranny, oligarchy and democracy were all negative and corrupt regimes because the governing body whether it be a single person, small group or the many respectively only were ruling in their own interests and not to the benefit of all. In the good regimes it is those same forms of governing bodies yet they govern in the interest of the state as a whole. Of the bad regimes Aristotle had declared that tyranny was the most undesirable state as the citizens were reduced to nothing more than slaves. In a tyrannical government the governed are not looked after but only used to further the goals of the leader. The next two are defined in a similar manner men ruling by reason of their wealth, whether they be few or many,  [4]  for an oligarchy and defining a democracy as where the poor rule.  [5]  To Aristotle an oligarchy was a twisted degradation of the good regime aristocracy, in the oligarchy it is not that few men govern it is that it is the wealthy class that rules creating a state in which all power resides in the upper class. .

The Death Penalty As a Form of Justice Around the World Essay -- Death

The Death Penalty As a Form of Justice Around the World Introduction: The death penalty is a subject that has become very big in the 21st century. Many centuries ago the death penalty is something that was widely practiced in almost all cultures. This revenge sort of action was the only way some old civilizations felt could really prevent criminals from breaking the law. The USA today is almost left alone among nations when it comes to the death penalty and the U.S. government does not have a problem with that. Arguments for the death penalty: Capital punishment permanently removes the worst criminals from society and should prove much cheaper and safer for the rest of us than long term. It is self evident that dead criminals cannot commit any further crimes, either within prison or after escaping or being released from it. Another argument for the death penalty is the cost factor. The state may very well better spend our resources on the elderly, young and the sick rather than the long-term imprisonment of murderers. Execution is a very real punishment rather than some form of treatment. The criminal is made to suffer in proportion to the offence. Although whether there is a place in a modern society, is a matter of personal opinion. There are many arguments why abolishing the death penalty should be done. Some argue the costs are too high, others think it is simply inhumane. I personally could not discount the value of human life because it costs less to kill someone rather that to keep them in jail. I do agree that all human life should be valued equally but that has not happened ever and I don't think it is going to start now. Even in a communist society, people are not equal. It is just the natu... ..."normal" in a sense. In conclusion I would like to say that I don't exactly know how the U.S. Catholic bishops felt about this issue a hundred years ago, but in modern times, death is not always the best way to solve society's problems. I am glad to see that a major influence has spoken out to help abolish the death penalty and I think that is a huge step in the movement. Nothing will ever change unless an influential body urges and persists with teachings of peace and non-violent alternatives. If the death penalty was abolished, I think over time we would in fact see the murder rates decrease as generations of children are raised sensitive to death and violence. Bibliography: www.wikipedia.org [for examples around world] Resource website Ideas after watching Dead Man Walking Emotions after reading Newspaper opinion pieces RE Pink Resource Book Section F

A Literature Review Identifying Group of Learners Within Society and Providing Reasons for Their Possible Underachievement Essay

Those could include students who do not perform well in a specific subject area, do not show interest in gaining qualifications or perhaps are limited by poor language skills or culture from doing well academically at school. There have been many explanations for low attainment and some of them include: * Natural differences between sexes, * Natural intelligence, * Home background, * Type of schooling, * Different teaching styles (stereotyping by teachers), * Material factors (Hammersley-Fletcher, Lowe & Pugh, 2006). Halsey performed a survey of the working class and found that material factors were central to whether learners stayed at school beyond the age of 16 (Halsley cited in Hammersley-Fletcher, Lowe & Pugh, 2006). Department for Education also states that the gap between the best and worst performers in our system actually widens as they go through education; and it is both significantly wider and more closely related to socio-economic status in this country than anywhere else (DFES, 2004). In education, the relationship between schools and social inequality is often explored by looking at the test and examination scores achieved by different groups of children and young people, and other monitoring data. According to Molly Warrington by the age of 11, girls in many primary schools are performing better than boys, particularly in English, and this pattern of differential achievement is sustained and exacerbated throughout secondary education (Warrington and Younger, 2006). This is a particular concern for white working class boys which is the reason why we should evaluate it further trying to establish possible reasons for their underachievement. BBC reported that government figures from January 2008 show only 15% of white working class boys in England getting five good GCSEs including maths and English. (BBC News, 2008). Above view is also supported by the chief inspector of schools who stated that white boys from poor families were worst affected and achieved the worst results aged 16 at school. White British boys who qualify for free school meals achieve the worst results of any apart from gypsy and traveller children – with just 29 per cent getting good marks. (Daily Mail, 2012) Why is this happening then in a modern world where we seem to have unlimited access to books, resources and other forms of help towards achievement? There is no doubt that to be able to achieve we must have the desire to learn and aspirations to perform well academically. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs outlines the necessity of satisfying the basic physiological and safety needs before the ones on upper levels like achievement, understanding and approval make students realise their potential. Unfortunately white working class households often undermine the values of schooling, academic achievement and aspirations. Boys from very early age associate manual labour with ‘masculinity and toughness’ therefore do not find academic learning relevant to them as it is not based on what they have been told or taught at home. Department for Education confirms that ‘schools where socio-cultural strategies were most transformative were those where head teachers recognised that there were sometimes conflicts between the cultural contexts of home and school, and that such conflicts might lead to disengagement and potential underachievement’ (DfES, 2005) Paul Willis performed a case study through a detailed ethnographic account of school lives of white working class boys who were ‘destined’ for labour. Boys showed lack of commitment to schoolwork and an acceptance of the authority of the teacher at the same time associating manual labour with ‘masculinity and toughness’. Willis argued that the boys were drawing upon cultural constructions of masculinity which idealised manual workers strength, so becoming a source of higher self-esteem. The ‘lads’ asserted their masculinity in the stories they told about resisting mental work (Willis, 1977). Most schools in Britain are dominated by the anti-education and anti-aspiration culture which has much more pronounced effects on boys. They believe that it is not ‘cool’ to learn, that real men work with their hands, not their minds, and that school does not matter (Telegraph, 2011). All of the above are deeply ingrained in our culture therefore boys like acting tough or hard, for example, by fighting or publicly denying adult authority; using humour and wit, sometimes as a confrontational device against teachers; wearing fashionable clothes and trainers or possessing culturally acclaimed knowledge, for example, being able to talk knowledgeably about the latest computer game (Swain, 2003, 2004). There are many reasons for this behaviour but Connell claims that working class communities in some parts of England are those most affected by the collapse of the traditional local manufacturing industry base and deindustrialization. These working-class boys can no longer rely on work for their traditional status of power and see little point in gaining qualifications, therefore are more likely to reject values that are conducive to academic success such as work ethic or punctuality. For the same reason they do not value academic success and admire peers challenging school’s authority (Connell cited in Younger, 2005). How do we change that? What do schools need to provide the best possible progress and the highest attainment for all pupils? Practical suggestions for educational organisations to better meet the needs of these pupils. Given the amount of literature talking about the underachievement of working class white boys, it appears that the reading material available, suggesting solution to the growing problem is limited. The suggestions on how to better meet the needs of these boys have been based on the literature review. Main points however, have been developed through discussions with school staff, parents and pupils from a local primary school where most pupils are White British with a few from minority ethnic groups. The proportion of pupils with special educational needs and/or disabilities and with a statement of special educational needs is below that found in most schools. Those discussions gave an insight into successful practices that minimise the impact of barriers to achievement for white working class boys. After careful consideration of the subject, improving achievement of boys appears to be a very complex process linked to many factors playing important parts. They include factors like leadership and vision, the curriculum and language support, behaviour management, parental engagement, targeted support including the role of the learning mentor in supporting white working class pupils. Successful transition to Year 7 from Year 6 has proven to also have a positive impact on white working class pupils. ‘These factors are significant in all schools, whether mixed or single-sex, maintained or independent. Senior managers play a crucial role in determining the most appropriate strategy for school improvement, based on close examination of the school situation and identification of the barriers to improving boys achievement’ (OFSTED, 2003). The quality of management and leadership within the schools plays a major part in developing successful strategies. Head teachers who keep their students at the heart of the school’s ethos and everything they do, find it easier to engage staff and parents. Strong leadership can be the driving force behind change, new expectations and inspirational success. They should: * Create a culture of achievement with a positive can do attitude. * Have high expectations and the provision of intensive support should be expected of all * Allocate a lot of time to being in the classroom with teachers and pupils * Make sure that diversity of pupil’s backgrounds and circumstances are celebrated. * Make sure that all children are encouraged to achieve their potential and stereotypical expectations are not made. * Make sure that books used, displays and worksheets avoid stereotypical images, sexist language and represent our multicultural society. The curriculum and language support also plays a major part in tackling underachievement. The Guardian (2013) agrees that barriers to learning faced by white working class boys are mostly concerned with language and literacy: ‘Many of these young people have a limited vocabulary and grasp of standard English and have a limited higher order reading skills such as skimming, scanning, synthesis, and empathy. Pupils with low levels of literacy rarely read at home, and their development in this area stalls when they get into their teens’. Our school believes that the curriculum should be accessible to all children whatever their age, race, gender, ability or social background. The use of appropriate reading materials gives the teachers the ideal opportunity for tackling stereotypical views, as well as widens their knowledge and understanding of things that middle class pupils already know and understand. Considering the above it was interesting to find that Schools and Communities Research Review (2010) suggests, it is unlikely that changing textbooks or curriculum content will in itself lead to improved outcomes in reading or mathematics. It is believed that professional development and coaching in effective teaching strategies make much more of a difference. Continuing, extensive professional development to teachers is likely to improve academic attainment for poor pupils therefore teachers need extensive, engaging workshops to learn new strategies and then coaching to be able to successfully implement and maintain them in their classrooms. Behaviour management also plays a major part in raising achievement of working class boys, and involves using successful strategy which requires a planned approach and subsequently dedication from all parties involved specially educators, pupils and parents. Ofsted reinforces this view by stating that behaviour is significantly better in settings which have a strong sense of community and work closely with parents and carers. In these settings learners feel safe and are confident that issues such as bullying are dealt with swiftly and fairly (Ofsted, 2005). Involvements of parents in the school life of their children, and their aspirations for them, have been also acknowledged as some of the most important factors associated with lower educational achievement. This appears to be particularly relevant to children from low-income families as parental aspirations and attitudes towards education vary significantly according to socio-economic status (Goodman and Gregg 2010). Young working class boys lack self believe and aspirations which results in having difficulties in understanding its importance and relevance. A lot of working class parents have had poor experience of education and believe that there is nothing to be gained from it as their children are likely to end up unemployed, or perhaps have achieved a lot in life through hard work despite having no formal qualifications. In both cases parents do not believe in education therefore pass that view and lack of aspirations onto their children (The Guardian, 2013). The head teacher of the local school reported that the white working class families were the hardest to engage within the life of the school and their children’s learning. School staff expressed frustration at the mismatch between the high aspirations of the school and low aspirations of the parents for their children’s learning, and therefore have to work hard on strategies to engage white parents with a view to raising achievement. School staff are aware that they have to draw parents in for positive reasons as a counter balance for the negative experiences that many had at school themselves. Younger ;amp; Warrington (2005) suggested that a combination of a strong learning ethos in school and increased involvement of parents in their children’s education could raise aspirations and achievement. There are number of reasons why white working class pupils should be able to do well academically despite challenging socio-economic circumstances in the areas served by schools. The evidence presented by the teachers from our local school mentioned earlier, enables the conclusion to be drawn that this school demonstrates the many ways in which they work to support pupils through a wide range of imaginative and inclusive strategies. Their success in raising the achievement of their pupils is a tribute to their vision, and to the very hard work that is needed to make it a reality. WORD COUNT: 2028 References BBC News Channel. (2008). White working class boys failing. Available: http://news. bbc. co. uk/1/hi/education/7220683. stm. Last accessed 28th Feb 2013 Centre for Excellence and Outcomes in Children and Young People’s Services . (2011). Effective classroom strategies for closing the gap in educational achievement for children and young people living in poverty, including white working-class boys. Available: http://www. c4eo. org. uk/themes/schools/classroomstrategies/files/classroom_strategies_research_review. pdf. Last accessed 3th March 2013. Daily Mail. 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