Multilateral Trade A Burden On Economic Freedom Or An

Multilateral Trade: A Burden on Economic Freedom or an Equal Economic Opportunity Multilateral trade are commerce treaties between three or more countries. Multilateral trade can be one of the most important aspects of any nation’s economy. Many businesses rely upon trade between multiple countries to boost their economic growth and investment. It takes many years for a country to agree upon multilateral trade but once a treaty is passed, it allows all the nations involved to have equal trade opportunities. World Bank states, â€Å"In 2000, the countries of the world traded goods and services worth a total of $7.6 trillion. To put this number in perspective, on average, about one out of every four dollars of income in each country in the world†¦show more content†¦The U.S. goods and services trade deficit with NAFTA was $116 billion in 2007.† The economic advantages of NAFTA are substantial, in 2015 the trade administration has stated that trade had increased to $1.15 trillion. With such a drastic increase this has shown how valuable NAFTA is to the U.S. and certainly Mexico. According to the Foreign Trade Analysis, many businesses within Mexico rely on the trade agreement in order to ship their goods and services to the U.S. and Canada without increased tariffs, for example, the Mexican local-content requirements. Many businesses within the U.S. rely on Canadian oil. NAFTA decreased the price of oil imports which has lead to a more powerful economic partnership. According to U.S. Energy Information Administration, the U.S. imported $37.8 billion worth of crude oil in 1993. Most of the oil imports came from Saudi Arabia with 18.4 percent, only 14 percent of that came from Canada. The department states, â€Å"In 2014 Canada sold the U.S. $85.6 billion, or 33.8percent of $253 billion in total crude imports.† Canada’s oil has grown 997 percent, nearly all of Canada’s imports of oil has gone towards the U.S. NAFTA greatly benefited three types of industry within the U.S.; Healthcare, agriculture and automotive, due to an increase in exports. Sales grew to 0.5 percent for many of these industries according to the US Energy Administration. 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(Bercovitch and Jackson, 5) The political, economic, and military tools used inRead MoreDevelopment Of The Middle East And Asia5825 Words   |  24 Pages1980, the United treaties Agreement for the Investment of Arab Capital was signed in the Arab States creati ng an Arab Investment Court and its first decision was given in the case of Tanmiah v. Tunisia, 12 October 2004. In addition, the European Economic Community (EEC) and some African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) states concluded the Lom? III and Lom? IV Conventions, both of which had sections addressing investment.(42) In 2007, the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) embracedRead MoreDevelopment Of The Middle East And Asia5825 Words   |  24 Pages1980, the United treaties Agreement for the Investment of Arab Capital was signed in the Arab States creating an Arab Investment Court and its first decision was given in the case of Tanmiah v. Tunisia, 12 October 2004. 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What Is Anthropology During This Semester, I Grasped A

What is Anthropology? During this semester, I grasped a better understanding of human-kind through the explanation of culture and biology. I learned a lot about how people live in different regions of the world and how cultures are linked. I believe that because we questioned what we knew about human diversity in the past, we have gained a better idea of the people and the world around us. People like Sebastian Munster, who drew maps of new lands and kept a catalog of human diversity, Caption Cook, who find new regions from his voyages around the world, Johnaan Blumenback, the first anthropologists who divided the human species through common origin, E.B. Taylor, who could express stages of cultural evolution and the progress, and so many†¦show more content†¦Some of the methods I used during my ethnographic research consisted of interviewing, observing, detailed records, unobstructed view, and a written account. I wanted to keep each interview in chronological order, so I a m going to talk about events in the order in which they happened in her life. One of the first interviews I conducted of my mother was when I took her to her doctor’s appointment on Friday, March 5th, because of procrastination, I had little time to write this paper, so I conducted interviews whenever and wherever I could. We first talked about her ancestral background or genealogy, which includes her parents, grandparents, and great grandparents on both sides. On Debra’s mother’s side of the family or maternal side, she was told that her great grandparents were born in Portugal, that they migrated from Portugal, approximately before 1910 in search of the â€Å"American Dream.† They migrated for the better opportunities that were present in the united states at the time, she is not quite she exactly when and why but the gold rush could have been a possible reason. Her great grandmother, name unknown, was 100% Portuguese and her great grandfather, name unk nown, was 100% Portuguese. Debra recalls at the age of 5 years old, she had an opportunity to meet her great grandmother who at the time she remembers being bedridden. She only remembers meeting her one time and is unsure of the reason why she was not able to see her more than just that once.

HRM case study new director of human resource free essay sample

After thoroughly study of the case of Mount Ridge Engineering’s corporate human resource structure and plant operation procedures, we found current relationships between human resource policies and actual plant operations are very weak. Although we can say that the human resource department has established a fairly complete set of procedures and policies, the actual implementation of the policies at plant level operations do not seem to be thorough enough, no employee implement those rules. Especially, the staffing function is very weak. There is no proper linkage between corporate HR structure and operations at the plant level. In other word there is no chain of command kind of linkage between them. It seems that operations office can do the HR functions by themselves like hire and fire which is in fact corporate HR department’s sole function. Even in the termination form there is only Employee’s signature and Plant supervisor’s signature i. e. no control of the corporate HR department at all. The reason behind leave seems to be written by the supervisor not the employee, this is not logical. In fact, forcing a person for signing on the blank form of termination notice is completely illegal and against the labor act (if the allegation of Johnson is true). This may create a big legal problem in future. Here are the examples which show the indistinct relationship between corporate human resource structure and operations at the plant level: Johnson would like to have a promotion due to know a good deal about the equipment operator’s job. But seems the standard promotion channel was not set up or Braxton didn’t follow the system when doing evaluation. Hence Johnson did lots but still couldn’t get the promotion from Braxton. Johnson didn’t follow personnel regulations as Johnson was not satisfied with the annual evaluation, hence, he was absent without notifying his boss. Braxton took advantage of his authority to terminate Johnson as on the termination letter his signature was enough to terminate him. Considering most of the facts, several causes found for this situation, some of them are Rapid expansion preventing proper dissemination of human resource policies. Lack of comprehensive human resource training program. Lack of proper human resource related internal controls. Retention culture has not yet developed (to hire a new staff is more expensive than to retain the old staff). Because of such relationship between corporate HR structure and operations at plant it has created a long term negative impact on the whole organization itself. As described by Newcobe, one of their biggest problems has been getting management-especially plant management to understand the legal and governmental regulations affecting HR procedures. Over the years there have been situations where supervisors have not followed company policy. An example of this adverse impact is Johnson’s case. Though Newcombe had already developed many benefit packages of human resource as company policies at the beginning, seems nobody followed. Such as, Johnson didn’t notify his supervisor when he’s absent, Braxton added the incorrect reason through the termination form for Johnson’s leave, and the job Johnson did was out of employee handbook. One of the important goals of the company is to remain nonunion. But if the situation get more bad shape there may be chance of discrimination, deprivation and finally the company can get unionized. If the situation gets continued, the company can even get warning or punishment from department of labor, which will adversely affect the competitive advantage. Question-2: How should Newcombe have handled this situation? Answer: First of all Newcombe should investigate whether allegations made by Bud Johnson are true or not. A fair decision cannot be made without hearing from both sides in an unbiased manner. She needs to investigate if there were any fraction between Braxton and Johnson. After all investigations, if she finds that Braxton is to be blamed for all the mess, then necessary disciplinary actions should be taken against Braxton according to company’s policy. We can suggest some alternative solutions to Newcombe to handle this situation: Correcting the leave reason for Johnson as per his request and don’t let the issue to go outside the organization. Try to retain Johnson by incrementing reasonable amount in salary as he deserves higher salary as per his extraordinary performance. Re-designing the termination form and process procedure. The HR department should be involved in the sign loop, employees should maintain the reason of leave and no revise of the termination form is allowed. For the process procedure, all termination forms should be feedback to HR department and the employees should have the interview with HR department as well. Maintain a HR officer in each plant. If it is expensive, at least corporate office can train a person in each plant to look after the HR function and report to the corporate HR Department. Auditing each department to know if it implements company policy or not. Setting up a communication channel for employees to highlight or for related supervisors to ask help. Reviewing the employee handbook and make sure that all managers know the employee handbook is a legal concern as well. (Due to a jury construed the handbook as a contract of employment that was breached by the employer. ) Considering the company current policy that was low cost production, the short-term best alternative will be â€Å"Re-design the termination form and process procedure†. And in order to make sure all related departments all clear with company policies, auditing activity can be held at the end of the year. Hiring of additional HR personnel is also necessary to support related activities. Question-3: What, if any, disciplinary action should have been taken against the plant superintendent (Braxton) at the time of the incident? Answer: First of all, before taking any kind of disciplinary action and decision, the higher authority of corporate HR1 department shall listen to the arguments of both Braxton and Johnson. To verify about their arguments, management can take interview of their respective colleagues and supervisors independently. Here all allegations made by Johnson may not be 100% true. It is hard to believe that he had been asked by Braxton to sign a blank form and added the incorrect reason after he had signed the form. Its Johnson’s fault as well if he signed on a blank form and be absent without any notification. So, after investigation whoever is found to be guilty shall be punished. The nature of punishment shall be based on the company’s written policy, labor act etc. If after investigation, it is found that Braxton has personal problems with other staffs as well, then some strong disciplinary measures must be taken against him, which may be even termination from the job. But, if the relationship was sour only with Johnson, then Braxton should be warned about it and should be notified that if similar incidents occur again in future, he might be terminated from the job. He can also be transferred to another plant with warning. Question-4: If Johnson’s allegations were true, what are the legal ramifications of Braxton’s behavior? Answer: If Johnson’s allegation were true, it will probably put the company in an illegal situation. Making Johnson to sign on a blank sheet of termination notice and making a wrong statement (by choosing justification as â€Å"voluntary quit to make another job†), which in fact is supposed to be selected as â€Å"Dissatisfied pay†, can be regarded as crime and against labor law. It is very clearly written in the Notice of Termination that exact reasons of termination should be filled up whatever it may be. So, if this issue goes to the media and labor union of other competitor’s company, it can create big trouble to Mount Ridge. Now they don’t have union, but to get their right, staff can make union with a lot of demand. Braxton may sentence to jail and fired off from the company. The company’s fame may get tarnished which may damage the overall performance and financial situation as well, in the worst case. So, it’s better if the company negotiate with Johnson so that he won’t go to Department of Labor. Moreover, I think it is also good for the company to retain such employee who is laborious and intelligent. With rewards and necessary trainings he can prove himself to be a valuable asset to the company itself. Qestion-5: Describe Mount Ridge’s business strategy. What is the relationship between its business strategy and its human resource practices? Answer: Cost Leadership is the Mount Ridge’s Business Strategy. In order to make the plants very efficient and cost effective, Mount Ridge has chosen a new technology which generates electricity as well as steam, known as â€Å"cogeneration†. It chooses its plant sites in vicinity nearby industrial plants, which utilizes steam and sell electricity to the local utility. Starting with a single plant in Kentucky it had planned financed to build seven new plants over next five to eight years of which 5 plants already ready. In addition to this Mt. Ridge has also planned to build an additional 2 to 3 plants in the Northeast where the demand for cogeneration plant is very strong. Their basic business strategy is to catch the market where they have more competitive advantage, where demand is more but electricity price is high. In order to meet its business strategy Mt. Ridge has also followed some HR practices like developing job descriptions, a salary program, benefit packages for both corporate and plant personnel, supervisor’s manual and other basic personnel policies. Starting with just 5 personnel, it has recruited additional 34 people at corporate head quarter and 183 new employees in the plants. The company has also forecasted to build their human resource as approximately 650 to serve its total nine plants by the end of next 2 to 3 years. The company’s policy is to make their organization union free. In order to reinvest the company’s profit into future plant expansion, Mt. Ridge doesn’t have any profit-sharing plan but in order to motivate it’s the relationship between internal staff enjoyable, productive and loyal, every year they run â€Å"employee appreciation dinner† program at every plant where president and other corporate officers also attend at the party. Because, the company’s founder/president himself values a sound relationship with its employees. He believes that productivity and loyalty can be harvested from employees by maintaining a good relationship. But it seems the same message has not been properly practiced throughout the organization. In addition to above, from the case, we may understand that the company’s strategy is to centralize HR function. However, now the relationship between HRD and other departments are not very close. Even in the Johnson case, the plant supervisor may decide by his own without noticing HRD. Moreover, he did not put a correct reason of Johnson’s resignation and probably will put the company in an illegal situation. We learned that the organization structure is quite loose. If most employees do not have a clear picture of the company’s basic policy and regulation, through the company’s expanding, they will hire more and more employees and then similar cases will happen again. HRD should provide a combination of administrative expertise and act as a strategic partner within their company. Question-6: What strategic human resource issues will Newcombe likely face as the company expands to the Northeast? How might this expansion affect the structure of the organization and its human resource department? Answer: As per the case study Mount Ridge has forecasted to grow to a total of nine plants and approximately 650 corporate and plant employees over the next two or three years (by adding 2-3 plants in the Northeast). This is almost 3 times expansion of the human resource (from 183 to 650), just within 3 years. That means a very large expansion of resources on the HR point of view. Though Mount Ridge is expanding its human resources, but they have not thought to solve the present problems of the HRM yet. If without solving the present HR problem they only concentrate on expanding the plants and generate revenue, the case like Johnson may repeat or even more complicated bad situation may arise which in turn degrade the performance of the whole organization and the company cannot achieve their goal, that’s sure. Before expanding their new plants, they must well plan the human resources; they must reorganize and revitalize their present organization structure. Present organization structure is quite loose. If most employees do not have a clear picture of the company’s basic policy and regulation, through the company’s expanding, they will hire more and more employees and then similar cases will happen again. HRD should provide a combination of administrative expertise and act as a strategic partner within their company. Through this article, we can see that the Human Resources would face a lot of problems such as the older Human Resource policies, understand the legal and governmental regulations, and the benefits should be changed to fit the right now situations. For example, if the employees got a promotion or dissatisfied with his pay, who can ask for problem or answer them questions? Those are very important because the company may have same problem happen again in the Northeast. During the company expanding, they may need more employees which is hired only by H. R. department at corporate headquarter. If laborer got problem, the H. R. cannot be directly to handle. As this case, the structure of organization should have to make a little change for more efficiency. Although Newcombe had developed benefit packages such as employee handbook, job description, a salary program, a supervisor’s manual, and other basic personnel policies, those are too old to handle right now situations. The biggest problems have been getting management to understand the legal and governmental regulations. Because of the corporate headquarter, laborer got problem, the H. R. cannot be directly to handle. Thus I would recommend that Newcombe should slightly change the structure of organization, update HR Policy and properly implement it from plants to corporate head quarter.

II Essay Example For Students

II Essay Essay IIIn the stories A Moment before The Gun WentOff and The Lottery, there is the situation inwhich a group of people cling to traditions veryblindly. In both stories the traditions are so duginto the peoples way of life that questioning themis considered sacrilege within these communities. Furthermore, the members of the community no longereven remember why the traditions were set up in thefist place. They follow the traditions simplybecause their predecessors followed the traditions. Another similarity between the communities in bothstories is, even though these traditions are firmlyentrenched in these communities, they are rapidlylosing there grip in other communities. This detailis not only mentioned in both stories, but lookeddown upon by communities that still follow thetraditions. In the story The Lottery, the tradition is tohold a lottery on a specific summer day, butinstead of winning a cash prize or some other goodthing, the winner gets to be stoned to death by themembers of the community. The character that ismentioned most in this story is one by the name ofMrs. Hutchinson. Mrs. Hutchinson is a devotedmother and housewife. She is the one who eventuallygets singled out to win the lottery. So it is Mrs. Hutchinson who is impacted the most brutally by thelottery. However the other people of the villageare affected differently by the lottery. It is veryunlikely that the people of the village kill peoplefor the sake of killing people. More likely thereis a deeper reason. One possibility is that thepeople of this village of this village are lookingfor a scapegoat. A person to take the blame formistakes and sins of others, so one person dies fora community and saves the community from whateversins that had been committed. The society can be affected in many ways by thelottery. Other neighbor societies have beenaffected by the lottery, many have abandoned thetradition of the lottery. Even in the communitywhere the story takes place many of the ritualsthat go along with the lottery are fading into thepast to be forgotten forever. An example of thiswould be the chant that originally went with thelottery. Depending on how well the villagescommunicate with one another determines the fate ofthe lottery. If the people responsible forabolishing the lottery in other towns spread theirpreaching, there is a chance the tradition of thelottery could be destroyed. Another factor thatdictates the future of the lottery is thepopulation of the village, if the village growslarge there are more people with all kinds of newideas, a few of which could be to get rid of thelottery. Eventually the societies that are home tothe lottery will deal with their sins and end thetradition of the lottery. The story A Moment before The gun Went Off isone that takes place in Africa. In the story theWhite minority are the ones in charge. In thisparticular society, blacks are the blue collardworkers while the whites take the higher positions. The main character of the story is Mr. Van derVyver. In the story Mr. Van der Vyver accidentallykills a young farm hand by the name of Lucas. Mr. Van der Vyver is more than Lucass employer he ishis father, so Mr. Van der Vyver feels truly sorryfor killing Lucas. Mr. Van der Vyver does notgrieve with his wife for the death of their sonbecause he is not married to the Lucass mother. .u4c06c8b53acd29b9123c3b579dd7b6aa , .u4c06c8b53acd29b9123c3b579dd7b6aa .postImageUrl , .u4c06c8b53acd29b9123c3b579dd7b6aa .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u4c06c8b53acd29b9123c3b579dd7b6aa , .u4c06c8b53acd29b9123c3b579dd7b6aa:hover , .u4c06c8b53acd29b9123c3b579dd7b6aa:visited , .u4c06c8b53acd29b9123c3b579dd7b6aa:active { border:0!important; } .u4c06c8b53acd29b9123c3b579dd7b6aa .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u4c06c8b53acd29b9123c3b579dd7b6aa { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u4c06c8b53acd29b9123c3b579dd7b6aa:active , .u4c06c8b53acd29b9123c3b579dd7b6aa:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u4c06c8b53acd29b9123c3b579dd7b6aa .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u4c06c8b53acd29b9123c3b579dd7b6aa .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u4c06c8b53acd29b9123c3b579dd7b6aa .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u4c06c8b53acd29b9123c3b579dd7b6aa .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u4c06c8b53acd29b9123c3b579dd7b6aa:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u4c06c8b53acd29b9123c3b579dd7b6aa .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u4c06c8b53acd29b9123c3b579dd7b6aa .u4c06c8b53acd29b9123c3b579dd7b6aa-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u4c06c8b53acd29b9123c3b579dd7b6aa:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Hobbit - Summary EssayThe tradition in this story is that interracialmarriages do not occur. While this tradition is notas brutal as the one from the Lottery it is justas sad. I believe that the society from A MomentBefore The Gun Went Off will suffer the same fateas that of the one from The Lottery. Traditionwill give way to change, blacks will hold highsocial positions, whites will marry blacks. One wayor another this will be the eventual fate of thecommunity no matter how hard the whites try toseparate the black from the whites. In both these stories there is a some sort oftradition that grips the communities very tightly. These traditions may have been vital for thesurvival of the communities in the past, however astime passes the need for these traditions becomesnonexistent. As the communities grow and becomecloser to others the process of abandoning thetraditions speeds up. this is because there is morecommunication between the people of different sex,religion and color. Category: English

Action Potentials Experiments and Results Essay Example

Action Potentials: Experiments and Results Paper Action Potentials Name: Cattail Magical Instructor: Date: 03. 192015 Predictions Exceeding threshold deportation at the trigger zone generation Of an action potential. Increases Action potential amplitude decreases with distance Increasing frequency of stimulation to the trigger zone increases number of action potentials Materials and Methods the likelihood of Experiment 1: Effect of Stimulus Strength on Action Potential Generation Dependent Variable membrane potential Independent Variable stimulus strength (voltage) Controlled Variables frequency of stimulation, type of neuron Experiment 2: Effect of Frequency of Stimulation on Action Potential Generation frequency Of stimulation stimulus strength (voltage), type Of neuron 1. Which part of the neuron was stimulated? 2. Where was membrane potential measured? 3. What was used to measure membrane potential? Results Table 3: Membrane Potentials at Different Stimulation Voltages, by Location. A. Values Of maximal deportation Of membrane potential (ran) at different stimulation voltages, by location. Location Axon hillock Axon O V (no stimulation ) -68. S -68. 5 -63. 6 -72,4 b. Action potential Generation, Laboratory Report/ Cattail Magical/ Action Potentials/ / 03. 19. 2015/ Page [1] of [4] Stimulation Voltage -56. 1 -63. 8 31. 4 31. 7 30. 9 Location Action potential generated? Difference in action amplitude with distance Stimulation voltage O V (no stimulation ) 99. 4 Graph 1. Maximal deportation of membrane potential at axon hillock and axon after different stimulation voltages. Resting membrane potential = -70 NV. 1. What was the resting membrane potential (no stimulation) recorded in Table 3? 2. At which stimulation voltage(s) did you see decremented conduction of graded attention from axon hillock to axon? We will write a custom essay sample on Action Potentials: Experiments and Results specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Action Potentials: Experiments and Results specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Action Potentials: Experiments and Results specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Free Essays on Disfunctional Aspects Of Leadership

Disfunctional Aspects of Leadership When people think of a leader, they think of someone who possesses a number of qualities. They would like to think that he or she is enthusiastic, has good judgment, intelligent, a great speaker, and a good people person as well. Even though all these qualities make up an effective leader, there are still different aspects, which may not be effective, such as Dysfunctional aspects. A leader should stay away from, going against their word, not being open to opinions, and showing weakness in many dysfunctional aspects. Before a person can determine if an individual is a good leader, he or she must know what exactly leadership is. What is leadership? â€Å"Leadership is having the ability to give guidance to those that will follow you† (Rose 1998). â€Å"Those that follow will strive to help complete the mission† (Rose 1998). â€Å"Leadership is an immature science and the body of knowledge in the field has developed through a series of fits and starts† (Jansen 2001). â€Å"Leadership is a soft science, just as anthropology, psychology and sociology† (Jansen 2001). Leadership is power, but only when effective. A significant part of effective leadership is the close connection between the individual leader and his or her followers, as Jansen states (page 205), the success of the leader’s mission. â€Å"Leadership, which comes in many different types of forms but basically heads toward the same goal to communicate with people can be very effective in terms of communication† (Rose 1998). â€Å"Some people are silent leaders and lead by example some are more vocal† (Peter 1996). Nevertheless, whatever type of leader they are, there are certain criteria that must be met before being effective. For example being a dependable role model of some sort, being trust worthy, are things that a true leader must possess to be effective. To be effective they must realize that there are strengths, weaknesse... Free Essays on Disfunctional Aspects Of Leadership Free Essays on Disfunctional Aspects Of Leadership Disfunctional Aspects of Leadership When people think of a leader, they think of someone who possesses a number of qualities. They would like to think that he or she is enthusiastic, has good judgment, intelligent, a great speaker, and a good people person as well. Even though all these qualities make up an effective leader, there are still different aspects, which may not be effective, such as Dysfunctional aspects. A leader should stay away from, going against their word, not being open to opinions, and showing weakness in many dysfunctional aspects. Before a person can determine if an individual is a good leader, he or she must know what exactly leadership is. What is leadership? â€Å"Leadership is having the ability to give guidance to those that will follow you† (Rose 1998). â€Å"Those that follow will strive to help complete the mission† (Rose 1998). â€Å"Leadership is an immature science and the body of knowledge in the field has developed through a series of fits and starts† (Jansen 2001). â€Å"Leadership is a soft science, just as anthropology, psychology and sociology† (Jansen 2001). Leadership is power, but only when effective. A significant part of effective leadership is the close connection between the individual leader and his or her followers, as Jansen states (page 205), the success of the leader’s mission. â€Å"Leadership, which comes in many different types of forms but basically heads toward the same goal to communicate with people can be very effective in terms of communication† (Rose 1998). â€Å"Some people are silent leaders and lead by example some are more vocal† (Peter 1996). Nevertheless, whatever type of leader they are, there are certain criteria that must be met before being effective. For example being a dependable role model of some sort, being trust worthy, are things that a true leader must possess to be effective. To be effective they must realize that there are strengths, weaknesse...

What is a group Discuss with reference to Bion's 'Experiences in Essay

What is a group Discuss with reference to Bion's 'Experiences in group' and your own - Essay Example It is because lovebirds are sociable birds. They should go in pairs or in a group.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  We join others wherein we feel a sense of belonging and security, thus becoming a part of a group. We seek to join aggregates that have common entity with us. We stick to a group because we know that this group have something the same about ourselves. Being a part of a group is therefore important in a person’s life for survival.   Every individual has its own niche therefore each is essential. It may be towards others or towards the environment.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Group is defined as any social aggregation that contains at least two classes of people we refer to as â€Å"the leadership† and â€Å"the membership† or a more complex structure one having an external boundary and at least one internal boundary.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  (2).   This enables us to view a group as a large circle whose external boundary   distinguishes its members (those inside the circle) and nonmembers (those outside the   circle) with a smaller circle inside the larger one represents the existence of the important   two classes of people in the group, the leadership and the membership.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Theorists like Cartwright and Zander (1968) on the topic groups and group dynamics have suggested that group is not a definable idea since it merely describes an area of study whose boundaries are blurred. Various definitions of groups can be made according to them wherein each one has its unique focus and may exclude other aspects that serve as core of the other definitions. 1. The individuals within the group think that they are group members who refer to themselves as we rather than I or they. They experience the same fate thus feeling a sense of belongingness and a common sense of identity. They are equally provided with the same benefits as to what the other members receive. 2. These group members have psychological effects on each other. These

First Essay Prompt Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

First Prompt - Essay Example What we see is only our dim reflections on the walls, metaphor for our imperfection and ignorance. There are prisoners in the cave who are chained to the floor in the darkness and unable to move their bodies to see what is happening around them. Under the protection of a parapet there are the puppeteers who display shadows on the walls. The prisoners are disillusioned that this is their reality. The story is told not from the perspective of the prisoners, but rather as a conversation between Socrates and Plato's brother - Glaucon. Plato's idea is that people are governed by the supreme forces of nature and Gods and we are unable to control our destiny and life. Everything is decided upon Gods and they are who captivate us and release us. And because people are under the possession of a higher power, we can not understand. Scharffenberger and Jowett (2004) comment that Plato's work "Republic" is identified mainly with the concept of the good. Plato's philosophy is often written as conversations and dialogues which shows that before reaching some conclusion the readers must be pres ented with all arguments and viewpoints (Scharffenberger and Jowett, 2004). In the "Allegory of the Cave" scene Socrates is the one describing the situation in the cave and he is the one to convey the idea that behind the prisoners puppeteers exist who move objects to resemble the reality. Another important aspect of the story besides our human imperfection and wrong interpretations of reality and goodness is that we often give names to objects to make sense of the world. However, language appears to be the limit of our understanding for the physical objects that surround us, and the invisible remains indecipherable and unreachable for our mind. Our thinking is bound by our imagination and we can think as long as we see and witness existence with our sense. Beyond this, our mind can not grasp other realities. Thus, human knowledge is full of mistakes and too limited. Once the prisoners of the cave are released they face different world - they see the sun, the light, the people around. They realize that these new images are the "truth", the reality. Now prisoners change their perceptions and start to believe that the sun leads their own existence. Scharffenberger and Jowett (2004) remark that this is the climax of the storyline - people regard as good what they are presented with. Then human goodness and knowledge are questionable, since they are not omnipresent and we do not possess them by nature. We have to discover them alone. So goodness and knowledge are controversial, because they depend on individual's reactions and beliefs. And there is no ultimate, supreme notion to unite them for all human beings. Apology is Plato's interpretation of Socrate's speech where they accuse him corrupting the young men of Greece through worshiping gods, which are not recognized by the state. With Apology Socrates defends himself and give reasons for his actions. "The Delphic Quest and the Gadfly are the two poles of Socrates' public self-vindication: the one submissive to the dawning wonder of the complexity of political and moral affair, the other aggressive in the hunt for clarification of this wonder (Newell 98)." Newell (2000) remarks that Socrate's philosophy consists of two dimensions. The holistic - represented by the Delphic Quest in Apology, and the analytical - embodies by the Gadfly. Socrates'

Why do I have to take economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Why do I have to take economics - Essay Example The main question is that why should I take economics as a course? There are a lot of reasons supporting the cause. First of all the world relies on economics. All the activities and happenings in the world are based on economics. Economics is the mother of all social sciences. Although the subject is lengthy but still it’s interesting and gives you a clearer view about what is happening around you. For example you are watching BBC, or reading a news paper suddenly you come to the business section. You see that price of a share is increasing or decreasing, you get curious about the factors causing the price to rise or fall but you don’t know about it. Taking economics will give you a basic idea about the business world and how it operates. Microeconomics, as the name suggests, deals with the basic concepts like demand and supply, elasticity, returns and more basic things. The change in price of a product due to a shift in demand is a basic thing. One other point in favo r of opting economics as a summer course is that the student gets to know about the working of an economy.

Depictions of the Reformation in Art

Depictions of the Reformation in Art The corruption and immorality of the Church spurred the Christian Reform movement in Europe, eventually leading to the hundred years of civil war between Protestants and Catholics or the Protestant Reformation. The Counter- Reformation began with the Pope Paul IIIs calling of the Council of Trent in response to Protestant uprising; this movement was initiated by the Churchs attempt to re-establish its power as the only true Church of Christ while pacifying the current disorder as well. The creation of these two rivaling movements jeopardized the Roman Catholic Churchs absolute authority in Europe, dividing it into the regions of the Protestant North and Catholic South. Influenced by these two opposing movements, the North and South branched out into different directions in terms of its culture and artistic style of painting. They developed unique style of painting, depicting differing themes, styles, and contents based on their dissimilar beliefs. What influence did the reform moveme nts have on the paintings from the south of the Alps, the north of the Alps, and the Netherlands and were the artists from these regions inspired by each other despite the divergence in their styles? The paintings by the artists from the South of the Alps would most likely been influenced by the Counter- Reformation, while the works produced from the other two regions would reflect the influence of the Protestant Reformation due to their geographical locations. Therefore, the content and purpose of the works from these regions should differ but some similarities may exist in the artists painting techniques because it was common for artists to travel to Rome during this time. It is interesting to analyze how the style in 16th and 17th Century Europe was shaped by the religious disparity and the development of new ideas which were reflected in the paintings. Since it is inaccurate to generalize the whole European continent into only two sections, I decided to narrow down my topic by focusing on the South of the Alps, the North of the Alps, and the Netherlands. I chose to study these regions because the South of the Alps was the center of Counter- Reformation strongly embraced by the Roman Catholic Church, while the North of the Alps was the birth place of the Protestantism. And the Netherlands was the hot bed for dispute between Calvinism and Catholicism. I referred the Protestant Reformers as one group, choosing not to deal with the Protestant sectarianism, a division within the Reformers due to the difference in their interpretation of the sacred texts, as part of my research. The final spark of the Protestant Reformation was The Ninety-Five Theses written by Martin Luther in 1517. His work disclosed Churchs dishonesty, rousing doubts in peoples minds about the Catholicism and also the Churchs authority. His criticism of the sale of indulgences and the Roman Catholic clergys abuses quickly earned popularity among people, regardless of their social standings and wealth, ultimately giving birth to Protestantism. Martin Luther condemned the sale of indulgences as a violation of the original meaning of confession and penance. Indulgence is the forgiveness of the temporal punishment for sins that have already been confessed. Reformers like Zwingli and Calvin had also commented on the corruptions within Church, but Luther was the one who introduced the radical idea of purifying the Christianity by physically breaking away from the Roman Catholic Church. The Luthers idea spread rapidly throughout the Europe, threatening the Roman Catholic Churchs established auth ority especially in the North. In addition to being known as the center of the Counter-Reformation, the South of the Alps was known as the center of stylistic development as well. It was the place of passion and innovation with the overflow of new artistic styles eventually giving birth to the Italian Renaissance. The artists from all of the Europe visited Rome and were inspired by the unique Italian styles. Aside from the innovative styles of Italian Renaissance, its content was often strictly religious. The Roman Catholic Church attempted to re-establish the catholic faith among people by regulating the artworks produced. The southern painters were forced to bring back the medieval tradition of producing strictly religious art, branching off into the different direction from the Northern painters. Scipione Pulzone was famous in Rome as the prototype of the Southern painters during this time period for his strictly religious paintings. The Lamentation, one of his most famous paintings, serves as the prime example of the art commissioned by the Church. Painted in 1592 for the chapel of the Passion of Christ in the Jesuit church of Gesà ¹ in Rome, this painting is clearly influenced by the Counter- Reformation in that it demonstrates the new artistic style advocated by the holy council. The Crucifixion of the Christ is the focus of this art piece, drawing viewers attention directly to the idealistic image of Christ in the center. Like other southern painters during this time period, the artist propagated faith by portraying the lives of saints and Christ in a realistic yet intensely dramatic manner. The careful details, facial expressions, along with the shadows cast on people enhance the lifelike characteristics. The depiction of the folds on peoples gowns is also note-worthy. The artist adds details such as tears of Virgin, the crown of thorns held by John, and the pallor of the Christs body to portray people in a more expressionistic manner. Moreover, the spotlight on the Christ in the center contributes an illusionistic and dramatic element to the painting which counter-balances the paintings realistic image. The light cast on the Christ, in comparison to the dark background, creates almost a theatrical impression. These characteristics represent the style of art in the south of the Alps during this period, also called the Italian Renaissance. Catholic Italy and Lutheran Germany shared in a lively commerceand the art of the sixteenth century in the north manifests the benefit of the exchange. Although the religious clash tormented the sixteenth century Europe, the exchange of artistic ideas continued to thrive. In the North, the intellectual shakeup of age-old faiths and opinions prepared the way for a new and nonreligious outlook on the world-the Enlightenment-when the rise of a scientific view of nature would challenge forever the dogmatisms of the past, also called the Northern Renaissance. However, the art of northern Europe during this period is also characterized by a sudden awareness of the advances made by the Italian Renaissance and by a desire to assimilate this new style. In other words, while the content of the artworks produced in the North differ from those of the region south of the Alps, the style was similar. Many northern artists traveled to Rome to study the new art in firsthand and others were exposed to the Italian style of painting through the direct contact with the Italian artists who came to the north. The influence of the Italian art varied according to the artist, the time, and the place; the northern artists generally kept their local traditions while adopting on ly single motifs or the general form of a composition. The Northern painters in general moving away from depicting biblical scenes and turned to painting ordinary people in a commonplace setting can be inferred to have been influenced by the Protestant- Reformation. Especially in the north of the Alps, the artists quickly incorporated Italian style into their artworks while avoiding portrayal of religious themes. The famous work, The Battle of Issus, by Albrecht Altdorfer in 1529 is a great example of a northern painting that diverges from the works produced in the regions south of the Alps. Albrecht Altdorfer represents the Donaustil (Danube Style), which depicts the landscape and stresses mood and passion. Although Altdorfers style is unique and personal, it still reflects the influence of Protestant- Reformation in that it eliminates depiction of religious themes. Moreover, his style clearly diverges from the style of painting prevalent in the regions of the south of the Alps. The painter gives a birds eye view of an Alpine landscape as the setting and depicts the battle scene in which the Alexander the Great overthrows the Persian King Darius. Instead of illustrating the strictly religious theme, the artist chooses to focus more on depicting the historical event. The crowd of people in comparison to the vast nature in the background suggests the moralizing theme of the insignificance of h uman life. He uses the vast nature in the background to symbolize the power of cosmos and the illuminating sky to represent the immense space. The slight trace of Italian Renaissance is shown by the meticulous details the painter uses for the image of Alexander the Great and the dramatic and illusionistic portrayal of the setting. Also the idealistic impression of the artwork as a whole resembles that of the Italian Renaissance paintings. Another praise-worthy example of Northern painting is The Judgment of Paris by Lucas Cranach the Elder, who is the representative of German Protestant painting. This work is a great example of how his works shifted from religious to humanistic subject matter when he became a follower of Luther. His humanistic subject matters include mythology, history, and also portraits. The Judgment of Paris illustrates the scene from mythology in which the three goddesses boast off their beauties in front of Paris. The humanistic subject matter along with the background landscape reflects the typical characteristics of Northern paintings. The cupid in the painting serves as a symbol for love and affection while the German armor that Paris is wearing in the painting represents his social status as a knight and his honor. The artist does not dress the goddesses after the antique manner. Cranachs composition featuring the nude was inspired in an attempt to learn from the style of Italian Renaissance. The Four Apostles by Albrecht Durer in 1526 is a remarkable northern painting that is stylistically influenced by Italian Renaissance. This art piece is unique in that the painter expresses his own religious and political testament, sympathizing the protestant cause and [warning] against the dangerous times, when religious, truth, justice, and the virtues all will be threatened. Unlike other Northern paintings, this piece does contain religious meanings, but it distinguishes itself from Italian paintings by eliminating any glorification of the Church. This piece was hung in the city hall, the four apostles symbolically representing the guardians of the city; they are cautioning people against the sermons of false prophets who will misinterpret the word of God. The four apostles are symbolic representative of various ideas such as the four temperaments, of the human soul, and also the four ages of man. In this painting, Durers experience of traveling to Italy allows him to harmonize t he two opposing styles of northern naturalism and southern monumentality. The realistic visualization of the four apostles reflects the northern naturalism while the monumentality of the figures along with the vivid use of color and sharp lighting mirror the Italian Renaissance. Durer, along with Cranach and Altdorfer, serves as an example of northern artist who illustrated contents related to Protestant-Reformation while incorporating styles of Italian Renaissance into his paintings. The Netherlands was the exceptional region in North in which Calvinism and Catholicism co-existed. In the late 16th Century, the Northern Netherlands was able to break away from Spains influence, while the Southern Netherlands remained under the rule of Spain. Therefore, the Northern Netherlands eventually embraced Calvinism while the Southern Netherlands remained as supporters of Catholicism. It is important to realize that Dutch and Flemings were not predestined to become Calvinists and Catholics; it was solely caused by the geographical and military circumstances. No curtain existed between the North and the South that forbid the exchange of ideas. In fact, Constantin Huygens, a diplomat and an art critic, referred to great painters of Amsterdam, Utrecht, and The Hague collectively as the painters of Netherlands. Therefore, it cannot be concluded that the Northern Netherlands was only influenced by Calvinist ideas, which also applies to the Southern Netherlands. In the early 17th Century Catholicism was suppressed and catholic churches were demolished due to the iconoclast movement, but the protestantizing of the Northern Netherlands was still a slow process. Most artists chose to remain as Catholics, although exact number is hard to determine. However, the attempt to repair damage caused by the iconoclast movement was not as extensive and as systematic in the North as in the South. The Northern Renaissance in the Netherlands took on a completely different form from the Italian Renaissance because the Church no longer was the major patron in the North. Instead, the wealthy merchant middle class were the primary patrons of the art and thus, the Dutch masters painted small pictures for their small houses, not for the Cathedral altars. Since large church commissions were no longer available, artists changed their styles in accordance to the taste of their new customers. The artists from the Netherlands specialized in intense realism, depicting lifelike features with an unflattering honesty, unlike the Italian Renaissance painters who specialized in idealism and simplicity. Therefore, the basis of art for the Northern Renaissance was observation while for the Italian Renaissance, it was theory. The Northern Renaissance in the Netherlands indirectly reflects the influence of Protestantism in that religious themes no longer prevailed in art, although more direct causes were the changing structure of the Netherlands economy and culture. The artworks produced in the 17th Century Netherlands were more conservative compared to those of Germany, concentrating on the nature and the past times of the prosperous Dutch merchants. The direct portraits, realistic still-lifes, landscapes, marine-scapes, and genre paintings showing scenes of everyday life were popular subjects of the Dutch artists. A Scene on the Ice by Hendrick Avercamp in 1625 is an accurate representation of a typical Dutch style, illustrating the commonplace scene of people enjoying winter sports in the quiet village of Kampen northeast of Amsterdam. His style clearly reflects the Northern Renaissances realism and its use of details, faithfully depicting the winter. He enhances his realistic rendering by using a frosty day to convey a sense of depth; the pearly gray tonality here becomes ever paler and the forms less distinct as they move into the distance. His work is unique in that it successfully portrays all classes of Dutch society through by using meticulous details, from the poor fisherman surveying the skater to the well-dressed ladies riding in an elegant sleigh driven by a groom. This is the typical genre painting of Northern Renaissance departing itself from the religious influence of Roman Catholic Church of Italy. A seascape, along with landscape, also became very popular in Holland due to the rise of merchant class; view of Dordrecht from the Dordtse Kil by Jan Van Goyen painted in 1644 serves is an impressive seascape painting. The artist uses monochromatic phase, which is a technique in which a single color dominates the painting, to unify each view of nature; the golden brown aura dictates the scene, from the hazy clouds to the city skyline. He reached the summit of Northern realism by lowering the horizon to focus more on the atmospheric conditions overhead and by creating an illusion of standing on the opposite shore of the port. Unlike the Northern Netherlands, the Southern Netherlands was more influenced by the Counter Reformation than the Protestant Reformation. The Reborn Catholicism in Spain had an undeniable impact on the Southern Netherlands provinces. Moreover, France sent numerous religious orders and congregations to Spanish Netherlands in order to secure the Catholics authorit y. The disparity in the contents of the paintings resulted from the disagreement in Protestants and Catholics perspectives of the human relationship with god. Unlike the Protestants who claimed that humans are capable of having a direct communication with god, the Catholics argued that intermediaries, such as saints and the Virgin Mary, are essential for humans to connect with god. Therefore, Catholics created artworks of saints, the Virgin Mary, and Jesus and gave reverence to them, as a way of getting closer to god. Although the Catholics asserted that they are not worshipping the intermediaries, the Protestants criticized this practice and led the iconoclastic movements. Iconoclasm is a deliberate destruction of religious icons and symbols within ones own culture for religious changes. The Protestants and Catholics conflict was caused by the difference in their perspectives of the sacred and secular;while the Catholics maintained the clear separation of the two, the reformers recogni zed the connection between the two. Consequently, the Roman Catholic Church clergy advocated strictly religious and sacred artworks whereas the reformers preferred artworks depicting the lives of ordinary people. The Northern Protestant painters believed that an ordinary life could glorify God just as much as a life `in the ministry ; since god created humans in His image, the reformation artists claimed that they are glorifying god by portraying the natural beauty of his creation, in other words, the people. These differing ideas are well conveyed through the artworks produced from the regions south of the Alps, north of the Alps, and the Netherlands mentioned above. My thesis is partially proven to be correct in that Italian art was definitely influenced by the Counter- Reformation and that German art was influenced by the Protestant- Reformation. But contradicting to my statement, the Netherlands was influenced by both religious movements. According to the Art History Professor S arah Blick from Canyon University, the Counter- Reformation had a more direct influence on art produced after 1520s then the Protestant Reformation. Therefore, she suggested me focus on the lack of religious content in the artworks in order to study the influence of Protestant Reformation during her interview. Although artworks from each of these regions have distinct characteristics that set them apart, Italian style of painting frequently perceived in these artworks indicate that artists were inspired by each other. Because I had to narrow down my topic, many new questions emerged from my research. I am curious to know whether the various Protestantism had different influences on art. For this research, I referred to Protestants as one group but I want to extend my research so that I can investigate on the influence of the Protestant Sectarianism on art. Bibliography MacCulloch, Diarmaid. The Reformation A History. New York: Viking Adult, 2004. Print. The Annotated Mona Lisa. Missouri: John Boswell Management, Inc., 1992. Print. Helen, Gardner,. Gardners art through the ages. Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace College, 1996. Print. Iconography of the Counter Reformation in the Netherlands heaven on earth John B Knippings Art of the Reformation and Counter-Reformation. HyperHistory.net. Web. 07 Oct. 2009. . Scipione Pulzone (Il Gaetano): The Lamentation (1984.74) | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History | The Metropolitan Museum of Art. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York: metmuseum.org. Web. 07 Oct. 2009. . Janson, H. W. History of art for young people. New York: H.N. Abrams, 2002. Print. Matters of Taste: Genre and Still Life Painting in the Dutch Golden Age. Welcome to Albany Institute of History and Art. Web. 07 Oct. 2009. .

Surrogate Motherhood Essay -- essays research papers fc

Surrogate Motherhood: Good or Bad?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are many controversies surrounding the idea of surrogate motherhood, by its definition, it is a course of action that goes outside natural reproduction. Although surrogacy was first brought up in the bible it is only until recently that it has actually become an issue for criticism and debate. Factors such as the growth of infertility in modern society, coupled with the declining number of children available for adoption, and the development of surrogacy contract and commercial surrogacy agencies in 1976, have resulted in increasing publicity and public interest in the formation of agreements between infertile couples and surrogate mothers (Stuhmcke, 3). Surrogate motherhood can be approached in more than one way, and some surrogacy procedures receive more condemnation than others.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One type of surrogacy is when an egg is extracted from the infertile female and placed in a petri dish and is then fertilized by the fertile male’s sperm, the fertilized egg is then placed into the fertile female’s uterus so she can give birth to the child. This procedure is done when the uterus of a female is in some way defective, but her eggs are in fine condition, this is called invitro fertilization surrogacy or IVF surrogacy (Hanafin, 3). IVF surrogacy, or total surrogacy is the procedure that receives the least criticism because the baby is in no way related to its carrier. The more comm...

Han Fei Tzu and The Art of Hotel Management

Around 280 B. C. the royal family of Han gave birth to one of the greatest philosophers of China, Han Fei Tzu. He studied under Sun Tzu, and in addition, from other philosophers such as the Taoist Legalist philosopher, Shen Tao, and a Legalist philosopher, Shen Pu-hai. Though Han Fei Tzu did not invent Legalism, he furnished the ideas to its perfection. His theories went against those of Confucius’s and other philosophers, focusing more on the practical level. Though ill fated to die in the hand of his own student, Li Ssu, Han Fei Tzu’s theories prove successful in uniting China and establishing the first emperor of China. Han Fei Tzu is a Legalist. His ideas of government establishment and function strove for those of extremes, of utmost reward and punishment. Han Fei Tzu focused on the art of distrust. His ideas parallel those of the modern world business, where the society is filled with darkness. Moreover, his establishment of the hierarchy of government equals those of modern corporations. The Chief Executive Officer oversees each and every order carried out, with specialists occupying different offices. Speaking of corporations, there is one industry that would draw Han Fei Tzu’s close attention. Not only does Han Fei Tzu’s theories apply in this particular business; furthermore, it actually functions in identical ways. In the hotel industry, the vital component not only lies in skills, capitals, or services. Hotel management, for the General Manager, focuses on the tactics of administration. The society within the hotel stands upon tied complications between individuals. Each and every member and staff deal not only with their duties. They face the challenge of cooperation and service. Thus, almost everyone in the hotel industry faces the challenge of socialization, on the materialistic level. People do not approach without purpose. ‘Deals’ and ‘transactions’ lie beneath every interaction. These deals and transactions may be job promotion, favors, etc. When there is no use for any additional help, people depart in their own ways. As one general manager describes, â€Å"I’d rather have a true enemy then all these false friends†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Putting Han Fei Tzu and the art of hotel management together provides the perfect combo. Han Fei Tzu’s â€Å"The Way of the Ruler† should work in harmony with the way of a General Manager. On the level of executive administration, Han Fei Tzu said, â€Å"The ruler [GM] must not reveal his desires; for if he reveals his desires his ministers will put on the mask that pleases him. He must not reveal his will; for if he does so his ministers will show a different face. † (P16) A GM, like the ruler, must not reveal his true self to his employees. By revealing the GM’s true self, he is also showing his weakness. Thus, his employees will be acknowledged of where to get at the GM. By this, the GM loses his control and power over his staff members, disabling the superiority over them. The skill to perfect the coverage of identity is trust. â€Å"It is hazardous,† Han Fei Tzu warns, â€Å"for the ruler of men to trust others, for he who trust others will be controlled by others. † (P84) When trusting others, one reveals his secrets to them. In turn, one day these secrets may backfire and injure the position of the GM. Thus, making sure to ignore trusting others is a fundamental for GMs to stay in control. In connection to trust is the way of assignment. How can the GM appoint positions if he ceases to trust anyone? This is done through the means of observation. Han Fei Tzu recommended, â€Å"if one were only to observe a man’s features and dress and listen to his speech, then even Confucius could not be certain what kind of person he is. But if one tries him out in government office and examines his achievements, then even a man of mediocre judgement can tell whether he is stupid or wise. † (P124) The result of the work is observed to judge a person. Intuitions and visuals are discarded. Rather, results are used to judge an individual and used to place him or her in the right office. Due to the fact that the world of hotel management lies in deep connection with socialization, the line between the manager and managed must be drawn. Henceforth, if the managed lacks the fear against the manager, the order of the hotel will be disrupted. Employees will act lazily and try to reduce their workload. Thus, to avoid laziness and enhance work efficiency, extreme measures of punishment must be carried out. â€Å"The enlightened ruler,† Han Fei Tzu describes, â€Å"controls his ministers by means of two handles alone. The two handles are punishment and favor. (P30) With extreme punishment, the GM sets an example of how misconduct will be treated, while encouraging hard work by means of reward. The usage of punishment and reward also allows greater control by the GM. Han Fei Tzu explains, â€Å"†¦the officials will turn their backs on law, seeking only to establish weighty personal connections and making light of public duty. † (P23) Through punishment and award, managers will be pulled away from attendance of establishing connections with higher executives, while focusing more on their duty. As mentioned above, the skill of socializing is so abused that hotel staffs solely rely upon connections to escape responsibility. Thus, they will learn that, though with connections, punishments will be carried out when duties are not fulfilled. Similarly, rewards will be given even there exists no connections, as long as the job is done right. Speaking of duties, the difference between executive officers and specialized staff must also be specified. â€Å"Appoint one man to each office. Let no one,† Han Fei Tzu suggests, â€Å"do as he pleases, and never permit men to change office or to hold two offices at the same time. (P39) A waiter is a waiter, and his duty is to serve the customer. Topping the waiters is the chief-waiter, who oversees the functioning of the restaurant. F/B (Food & Beverage) division manager sees to it that all the restaurants are providing the best service possible, keeping their customers content and jubilant. This is the distribution of responsibilities. To succeed in management, the GM must remember the words of Han Fei Tzu, where â€Å"the ministers name their proposals, the ruler holds fast to the name, and the ministers come forward with results. When names and results match, then superior and inferior will achieve harmony. † (P37) One’s own duty must be recognized, and regardless of the importance of the task, only by the fulfillment of every detail can a hotel function in its proper way. Moreover, â€Å"things have their proper place, talents their proper use. When all are in their proper place, then superior and inferior may be free from action. (P35)† Each member of the hotel secures their own position, making sure they have good ethics in their duties. One must not cross the lines of their responsibility, for it brings disorder and confusion to the hotel as a whole. Everyone minds their own task, and when appointed a certain position, they focus their energy to fulfill the requirements. Relating the bondage of duties and socialization of hotel members enter the competition for position. Every staff working in a hotel looks up to a higher level. They want to upgrade their status to increase their salary, to gain a better reputation, or other unspecific reasons. As a result, while everyone is socializing, treating each other in friendly matters, each one is in fact selfish. In reality, they fight over positions beneath the surface. Thus, a GM must â€Å"guard against danger, fear peril, make haste to designate your heir, and misfortune will have no means to arise. † As long as the GM announces the entitlement of certain positions, individuals will be aware of the occupied office, thus ceasing to plot for competitions. Even as the head of a hotel, the GM has to work in order to gain the ‘favor’ of his colleagues. Unlike the times of Han Fei Tzu, where the emperor ruled a province, GMs ruled only a hotel. Thus, punishments such as beheading and property confiscation could not be utilized. An alternative would be persuasion, to successfully convince his employees to follow his orders. This would be the usage of rewards, or wages. Han Fei Tzu suggests, â€Å"praise other men whose deeds are like those of the person you are talking to; commend other actions which are based upon the same policies as his. † Though this strategy is for ministers, the employers nowadays should also consider this tactic. Through persuasion, the GM may be able to command his people with greater efficiency. The hotel is like a province, and similar to ancient China, there exist more than one province. Competing hotels stand everywhere, and they are the ones that the GM battles. Thus, the GM must know how to maximize the usage of public resource and private capital to triumph in sales over other hotel competitors. Han Fei Tzu has already seen the significance in resource allocation, as he describes, â€Å"When the sage rules, he takes into consideration the quantity of things and deliberates on scarcity and plenty. † (P99) Though by this Han Fei Tzu means in terms of punishment and reward, this rule would be applied towards the usage of capital and investment, for the time is situated for such measures. The change of technology and uprising of new competing hotels also forces the GM to decide on major upgrades for the hotel. Which component of the hotel should the GM upgrade? Should technology be weighed heavier, or should the GM renovate the outlook? Han Fei Tzu recommends, â€Å"Those who have no understanding of government always tell you, â€Å"Never change old ways, never depart from established custom! † But the sage cares nothing about change or no change; his only concerns is to rule properly. † (P93) By this, the GM’s responsibility is to make the best decisions for the hotel, and because circumstances change according to the age, and ways of dealing with them change with the circumstances,† (P99) the GM’s decisions would be in reaction to the functions of competing hotels. If Hyatt renovated their lobby, Sheratons would check to see if this did create a higher room sales rate. If so, the Sheratons should also upgrade their lobby facility to compete against Hyatt. One particularly important writing of Han Fei Tzu is ‘The Eight Villainies’. This not only applies as a warning against the ruler and advice for the minister, it can also be manipulated to be used by the GM. Han Fei Tzu would certainly enjoy seeing his tactics used to its full extent. Here is a briefing for how this ‘Eight Villainies’ can be deployed and modernized for the best use by the GM: Making use of his bedfellows => Immediately upon distribution of reward, the GM may hope to ask for greater job performances, prior to the former one. Making use of his attendants => The GM, as the head of the hotel, can force lower employees such as waiters to agree with the GM, thus convincing the waiter-head to be held responsible for certain events. This applies to other offices as well. Making use of his elder and kin => By visiting the families of his employee, the GM may be more persuasive and successful at convincing his employee at undertaking certain task, for the family, in consideration of promotions, will try to convince particular individuals to gain favor of the GM. Encouraging baleful pursuits => The GM may appoint certain managers or staffs a better office, with fully equipped furniture and luxuries, thus impose heavier duty and greater responsibility unto the manager. Making use of the people => Considering one question, would the employees be in greater pursuit to gain favor from their GM or their manager? Given the fact that the GM is the head of the hotel, employees are certain to strive in contenting their wage-payer. Thus, the GM can impose a greater influence upon his employees to order managers indirectly to do so as the GM pleases. (This is very similar to ‘Making use of his attendants) Making use of fluent speakers => In one way, the GM may assign speakers from popular hotel management schools such as Cornell to speak in agreement with the GM. This increases credibility and enhances the strength of persuasion. Making use of authority and might => The GM is the head of the hotel, thus he possesses the greatest authority and might in the hotel. Using this power, the GM should exploit it to its full extent, by terminating unwanted managers or lazy employees. Making use of the surrounding => The fact that there are competing hotels can too, be used to the GM’s advantage. His position enables special ‘connections’ with other executives, thus when the GM’s own managers are not following orders, the GM can make certain that he would not be able to gain a similar job at a different hotel. Only the GM’s hotel is willing to accept this particular individual. Though these ‘Eight Villainies’ may too, be used against the ruler -Han Fei Tzu wrote it as a warning to rulers- GM should also consider these tactics to employ them himself. A final warning Han Fei Tzu suggests is the trade of authority and power. In this case, Han Fei Tzu warns, â€Å"no ministers should be allowed to borrow the power and authority of the ruler. † (P89) The GM is indeed the most powerful man in the hotel. If he was to lend his authority to managers, this power may be exploited in terms of corruption. Money might be drained, employees might be lost, and worse, the GM himself may be used as a scapegoat. Overall, the vital mentality that should be considered is not only the GM’s. The hotel functions as a whole, thus each and every member work together to benefit the hotel. In hotel management, the ways of the GM stands not alone, but with the support of his managers and employees. Thus, the mentality of these managers and employees should also be considered. Han Fei Tzu summarizes the essence of this whole construct. â€Å"The interests of the state and the individual are,† Han Fei Tzu analyzes, â€Å"mutually at odds, and both cannot prevail at the same time. Managers and employees must not act selfishly to gain their own benefits, but rather, everyone must work with good ethics to strengthen the hotel as a whole. The question, â€Å"what would Han Fei Tzu say about hotel management,† is asked. In response, Han Fei Tzu would comment, â€Å"Hence it is said that the art of hotel management affiliates itself to the rules of a king, they work in the same mechanism. Han Fei Tzu would promote a copy of his philosophies to the GM of the hotel. The ways of the ancient government and modern hotel construct are identical. The only difference lies in the lack of military. Yet, without military and arms, the essence of Han Fei Tzu’s philosophies remains. Without the conduct of arms, persuasion is the new modern weapon. To manipulate the thinking of others is the new rule. Han Fei Tzu’s theories are in reality a cookbook for dealing with people. This works perfectly for hotel management because GMs deal more with socialization than actual hotel functioning. Indeed, there involve skill and talent to administer the hotel, yet in order for jobs to be done, the GM must learn how to control his managers and employees. Han Fei Tzu would have been the perfect GM if he lived. He would not comment on everything, but only minor details, for his theories apply in great affiliation with hotel management. Even on a greater level, Han Fei Tzu’s theories are in bondage to corporate functions. The weapon in the modern days though, is wealth. Han Fei Tzu’s thinking not only applies to hotel management, but it also works for corporate executives. Han Fei Tzu would have said the same things to each officer working in a firm, for his teachings hold true for everyone. Han Fei Tzu’s work is actually a perfect guideline for modern day society, where people work to their own benefits and lack the altruistic characteristic that existed in ancient times. Han Fei Tzu focuses specifically on the level of trust and socialization. This skill is vital in the survival of society, because in the world of infinite talents, it is only luck and connection that surfaces a person’s identity and ability. Han Fei Tzu, though dislike the fact that this is true, admits to the flaw of the system. Human nature is ultimately bad and lazy. Each individual strives for their benefits, discarding benevolent practice. Thus, Han Fei Tzu discredits and criticizes the theories of benevolence, particularly promoted by Confucius and Mencius. In the modern world, everyone tries to survive under the tide of wealth and capitalism. They work in companies and firms to accomplish this goal. Yet, it is the interaction of individuals that make up societies, communities, and corporations. Han Fei Tzu, if living in today’s world, would indeed thrift in his philosophies, and make millions if he wrote the book, Han Fei Tzu and the Art of Humanistic Behavior. His ideas target not only rulers and ministers, they too, function well in today’s world.

Quotes From President Andrew Jackson

Quotes From President Andrew Jackson Like most presidents, Andrew Jackson had speechwriters, and as a result, many of his speeches were elegant, brief, and rather low-key, despite some of the chaos of his presidency. Andrew Jacksons election to the United States presidency in 1828 was seen as the rise of the common man. According to the election rules of the day, he lost the election of 1824 to John Quincy Adams, although in fact Jackson had won the popular vote, and tied Adams in ​the electoral college, but lost in the House of Representatives. Once Jackson became president, he was one of the first to truly utilize the power of the presidency. He was known for following his own strong opinions and vetoing more bills than all presidents before him. His enemies called him King Andrew. Many quotations on the internet are attributed to Jackson, but lack citations to give context or meaning to the quotation. The following list includes quotes with the sources where possibleand a handful without. Verifiable Quotes: Presidential Speeches Verifiable quotations are those that can be found in specific speeches or publications of President Jackson. In a free government, the demand for moral qualities should be made superior to that of talents. (from a rough draft of his Inaugural Address) It will be my sincere and constant desire to observe toward the Indian tribes within our limits a just and liberal policy, and to give that humane and considerate attention to their rights and their wants which is consistent with the habits of our Government and the feelings of our people. (from Jacksons First Inaugural Address, March 4, 1829) Without union, our independence and liberty would never have been achieved; without union, they never can be maintained. (Second Inaugural Address, March 4, 1833) There are no necessary evils in government. Its evils exist only in its abuses. (message to the U.S. Senate regarding his veto of a proposed Bank of the United States, July 10, 1832) Verifiable Quotes: Proclamations The individual who refuses to defend his rights when called by his Government deserves to be a slave, and must be punished as an enemy of his country and friend to her foe. (Proclamation before he became president, declaring martial law in New Orleans during the War of 1812, December 2, 1814) The moment we engage in confederations, or alliances with any nation we may from that time date the downfall of our republic. (Warning to John C. Calhoun who had announced to Congress that he was going to be attending a conference in Panama to improve relations and discuss the possibility of Northern intervention in Latin America, in 1828) The wisdom of man never yet contrived a system of taxation that would operate with perfect equality. (Proclamation to the People of South Carolina, written by Edward Livingston and issued by Jackson on December 10, 1832, at the height of the Nullification Crisis) Unverified Quotations These quotations have some evidence that they may have been used by Jackson, but cannot be verified. Any man worth his salt will stick up for what he believes right, but it takes a slightly better man to acknowledge instantly and without reservation that he is in error. (also attributed to General Peyton C. March) One man with courage makes a majority. (This is an old adage which was written by the 16th-century Scottish reformer John Knox, that may or may not have also been quoted by Jackson) This quotation appears on the Internet as attributed to Jackson but without a citation, and it doesnt sound like Jacksons political voice. It could have been something he said in a private letter: I can say with truth that mine is a situation of dignified slavery. Sources Dirck BR. 2007. The Executive Branch of Federal Government: People, Process, and Politics. Sacramento: ABC-CLIO.Farwell B. 2001. The Encyclopedia of Nineteenth-Century Land Warfare: An Illustrated World View. New York: W.W. Norton and Company.Keyes R. 2006. The Quote Verifier: Who Said What, Where, and When. New York: St. Martins Griffin.Northrup CC, and Prange Turney EC. 2003. Encyclopedia of Tariffs and Trade in U.S. History. Volume II Debating the Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group.issues : selected primary documents.

Free Essays on Constantine Stanislavski

Constantin Sergeyevich Stanislavski was the founder of the first acting "System." He had the most profound effect on the process of acting than anyone else in the twentieth century and the most influential acting system on stage and screen. He thought that if the theater was going to be meaningful it needed more than external representation. So, over forty years he experimented with the psychological and emotional aspects of acting. The result was the Stanislavski System, also known as "the method." In his system the actor’s main responsibility was to be believed. "Believable truth", was found by using "emotional memory." Which meant the actor would recall their own feelings and experiences and substitute them for those of their characters. For example, when preparing for a role that involves fear, the actor must remember something frightening. Also when preparing for a role the actor would research the situation created by the script, break down the text according to their ch aracter's motivations and recall their own experiences. This caused actions and reactions according to motivations. Then the actor would make his motivations for acting identical to those of the character in the script. He could then replay these emotions and experiences in the role of the character and its personality. Stanislavski also believed that an actor needed to take his or her own personality onto the stage when they began to play a character. By doing this they were able to achieve a special link with the audience. It was also his attention to detail that created this effect. For example he used long pauses and gloomy stares. He felt that life was exposed in these truthful emotions and actions of the performers. Stanislavski called this effect "psychological realism." Ironically, Stanislavski eventually believed that these emotional memory techniques could be psychologically damaging. So he created a new theory: the "Method of Physical Actions." Th... Free Essays on Constantine Stanislavski Free Essays on Constantine Stanislavski Constantin Sergeyevich Stanislavski was the founder of the first acting "System." He had the most profound effect on the process of acting than anyone else in the twentieth century and the most influential acting system on stage and screen. He thought that if the theater was going to be meaningful it needed more than external representation. So, over forty years he experimented with the psychological and emotional aspects of acting. The result was the Stanislavski System, also known as "the method." In his system the actor’s main responsibility was to be believed. "Believable truth", was found by using "emotional memory." Which meant the actor would recall their own feelings and experiences and substitute them for those of their characters. For example, when preparing for a role that involves fear, the actor must remember something frightening. Also when preparing for a role the actor would research the situation created by the script, break down the text according to their ch aracter's motivations and recall their own experiences. This caused actions and reactions according to motivations. Then the actor would make his motivations for acting identical to those of the character in the script. He could then replay these emotions and experiences in the role of the character and its personality. Stanislavski also believed that an actor needed to take his or her own personality onto the stage when they began to play a character. By doing this they were able to achieve a special link with the audience. It was also his attention to detail that created this effect. For example he used long pauses and gloomy stares. He felt that life was exposed in these truthful emotions and actions of the performers. Stanislavski called this effect "psychological realism." Ironically, Stanislavski eventually believed that these emotional memory techniques could be psychologically damaging. So he created a new theory: the "Method of Physical Actions." Th...

Safety program Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Safety program - Essay Example Four major aspects that Plant XYZ manufactures safety action plan will take into consideration includes creating a change, safety and health payoffs, management system and S& H integration as well as doing a safety and health check up. As indicated by the Plant XYZ 1998 estimated direct and indirect costs, the company incurred $984,000 in the first four months. This figure is high and therefore this action plan is focused at putting in place effective measure to enable the company attain the OSHA VPP Star Certification in 2 years in addition to reducing incidents rates by 50%. Commitment by managers The first step that I will include in my action plan as the safety manager is to ensure that manager’s commitment towards safety is maintained. It is worth to note that the safety committee is keen on maintaining safety responsibilities. As a safety manager my main role will to first understand why accidents occur within the company premises and how the safety committee dealt with past cases of accidents. This will be followed by studying all the minutes of the meetings held by safety committee prior to my appointment. To ensure that all the employees are conversant with the safety policy, my action plan will entail establishing safety rules that will be presented to safety committee in 2 weeks time.

Sobek, Egyptian God of the Nile River Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Sobek, Egyptian God of the Nile River - Essay Example To protect themselves from the crocodiles, the people prayed to Sobek to protect them from the crocodiles and other dangers of the Nile River. Sobek is also known as the god of the crocodiles. The people pray to Sobek to protect them as they travel towards the Nile river to fetch drinking water. As time went on, Sobek’s powers included other matters, not only protecting the people from the sudden deadly attacks of the crocodiles. Egyptian Mythology states that Sobek, not another popular god, Nun, created the world. Sobek was depicted as the god who rose from within the River Nile to take the form of a man having a distinct crocodile shape. Specifically, the people of the Fayoum (Arsinoite nome), Kom Ombo, and parts of Thebes worshipped the crocodile god Sobek. The numerous temples were erected to pay religious homage to Sobek. The people prayed to Sobek to give them plentiful harvest. The farm lands were dependent on the Nile River. The Nile River’s drought would reduce the Egyptian Nile River lines’ farm crop outputs. The people pray to Sobek to keep the Nile River flowing. With the Nile River’s flowing, the farm lands have a steady supply of irrigation water. In the temples, the priests would bring a live crocodile into the temple. The people would take care of the crocodile’s every need until its death. After the crocodile’s death, the crocodile is mummified. ... Sobek is described as holding an ankh. The ankh is the symbol of Sobek’s power to destroy or reverse evil acts. In addition, the ankh was described as having the power to bend knives in order to protect the king from life-threatening danger. Sobek was described as having the speed and strength of a crocodile. Sobek was not selfish. Sobek would readily ask for the help of other gods and goddesses to protect the pharaoh and his people from imminent dangers. (Remler 180) Further, Pat Rember’s research indicated Sobek was worshipped as the Nile River god in Egypt. Specifically, the Crocodilopolis community in Fayoum, Egypt, pray to Sobek god to take care of the safety. Likewise, the people have set up many temples or shrines honoring their crocodile god, Sobek. Consequently, the famous Greek writer, Herodotus, insists that some Egyptian communities regarded the crocodiles as sacred animals. The people pampered the crocodiles. The crocodiles were fed well in their special po ols. The legs of the crocodiles are adorned with jewels. The crocodiles are also adorned with gold earrings. However, the people from other locations hunt and kill the crocodiles. Furthermore, the 12th Century Egyptian kings promoted Sobek. Sobek was catapulted from a mere minor god to a patron god of the Egyptian kings. Sobek was described as a closely related to sun god RE. In fact, Sobek also had the name Sobek-RE. Sobek is shown as the male child of Neith, the warrior goddess. The Egyptian people regard Sobek as a gentle god, even when he has a vicious crocodile nature. Sobek, like most Egyptian gods, prefer eating bread and drinking cool water. The gods, especially Sobek, disdain eating large quantities of meat, especially roasted meat. Sobek is often

Romeo and Juliet by Franco Zeffirelli Research Paper

Romeo and Juliet by Franco Zeffirelli - Research Paper Example â€Å"Franco Zeffirelli's Romeo and Juliet is a lovely, sensitive, friendly popularization of the play—the lovers, Leonard Whiting and Olivia Hussey, as young and full of life as they ought to be, Italy of its time there intact, a lot made of the relationship between Romeo and Mercutio, beautifully played by John McEnery† (Adler). Certainly, the actors were not experienced because of a very young age, but this inexperience was their main advantage. They did not play any parts, they were natural. A wise director Franco Zeffirelli understood that nothing can express youth better than youth itself. Adult experienced actors would never manage to embody and express all the charm of the youth and the first love. Adults have already lost the capacity to feel all this thrill and delight and what is more, they will never die for love. There are people who were lucky to witness the shooting of the film. â€Å"Hussey and Whiting were so good because they didn't know any better. A nother year or two of experience, perhaps, and they would have been too intimidated to play the roles. It was my good fortune to visit the film set, in a small hill town an hour or so outside Rome, on the night when the balcony scene was filmed. I remember Hussey and Whiting upstairs in the old hillside villa, waiting for their call, unaffected, uncomplicated. And when the balcony scene was shot, I remember the heedless energy that Hussey threw into it, take after take, hurling herself almost off the balcony for hungry kisses. (Whiting, balanced in a tree, needed to watch his footing.)† (Ebert). This valuable passage written by a person who saw shooting with his own eyes testifies that actors did not play any parts, they were... The researcher of this paper presents an analysis of the great screening of the masterpiece, entitled Romeo and Juliet and presented by Franco Zeffirelli in 1968. The researcher states that this movie is the best screen version of the play. The plot of the â€Å"Romeo and Juliet† seems plain, but its salt is the great misunderstanding that caused a great tragedy. It seems that Shakespeare plays with readers in order to awake sorrow and the feeling of vexation. Romeo and Juliet are innocent creatures, who can’t be accused of what they did. The researcher also mentiones that it is necessary to analyze the music used in the movie. Music is stated to be a very important component of every movie. It is a correctly chosen music that makes a Romeo and Juliet movie successful. Certainly, the film contained the scenes, which were very difficult for young people to express and here we should admit the talented direction of Zeffirelli. He made everything perfect: every scene, ever y glance, every motion of the main heroes. The reseracher then concluds that for the poetry, and the fine archaic dignity of Romeo and Juliet, the story could be taking place next door. It is stated to be the "sweetest, the most contemporary romance on film this year†. Critics and the researcher both mentioned this movie as a great work, every detail of which was thoroughly thought out by the director and producers and had its deserved success: it certainly became the best screening of the â€Å"Romeo and Juliet† in the world.