Holden Caulfield in “Catcher in the Rye” Essay

Holden Caulfield, in The Catcher in the Rye, is much like the typical teenager of today. Throughout the novel, Holden goes through problems that many modern teenagers can relate to. Holden is a lonely teenager who struggles to find direction in life. His actions are very similar to those of teenagers today. Some important characteristics Holden shares with modern teenagers are his longing to be free and independent, his struggle between childhood and adulthood, and the fact that he is lost and does not know what he wants to do in life. Also, like many teenagers today, he has to deal with things such as sex, violence, and alcohol. A big problem Holden goes through is his struggle between childhood and adulthood. He is sixteen years old, which is the age when a person is almost an adult, yet still a child. A child who is innocent, supported by his parents, and is not yet ready or possesses the maturity to go out into the world and fend for himself. This struggle is symbolized by Holden’s gray hair. This is something many teenagers face today. Like many modern teenagers, Holden wants to be independent. He wants to make his own decisions and live on his own. He has lived in schools most of his life, away from his parents. When Holden gets kicked out of Pencey, and he knows that his parents will find out, he decided to go back home after they do, in order for his parents to have dealt with the news. This shows how Holden does not look for help from his parents. He wants to deal with the problem himself by applying himself his next year in school. Another example of Holden’s need to be independent is when he suggests to Sally that they go away somewhere and live together. On page 132, Holden says â€Å"How would you like to get the hell out of here? Here’s my idea. I know this guy down in Greenwich Village that we can borrow his car for a couple of weeks. He used to go to the same school I did and he still owes me ten bucks. What we could do is, tomorrow morning we could drive up to Massachusetts and Vermont, and all around there, see. It’s beautiful as hell up there. It really is.†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ We’ll stay in these cabin camps and stuff like that till the dough runs out. Then, when the dough runs out, I could get a job somewhere and we could live somewhere with a brook and all and, later on, we could get married or something. I could chop all our own wood in the wintertime and  all.† Holden longs to go away and be independent. Like teenagers today, Holder had to deal with alcohol, sex, and violence. Like any male teenager today, Holden thinks about sex. He wants to experience it and says that he had had many opportunities to do so, although he never had sex. Holden, wanting comfort and affection, invites a prostitute to his room, but never has sex with her. A big problem among teenagers nowadays is violence. This is a problem that is very difficult to solve and sometimes cannot be avoided. There are times in the novel when Holden faces violence, like when he gets in a fight with Stradlater. Throughout the novel, Holden turns to alcohol when he gets depressed. He obtains it very easily, and gets drunk at one point. This occurs frequently among teenagers today. They feel that alcohol will make them older and give them maturity. These are the ways in which Holden is very similar to the typical teenager of today. His characteristics, feelings, and actions are those that many teenagers can relate to. Problems that Holden deals with throughout the novel are problems that many teenagers face in their everyday lives. Feelings that Holden has are like those of modern teenagers, who are in many ways, just like Holden.

How to Write an Executive Memo

Writing an Executive Memo Your strategy professors have asked the English faculty to cover the executive memo, which you will use in your strategic management class, for two reasons: * The ability to write a short, informative, well-written memo like this will serve you well in your future careers. * Writing a good memo is difficult and requires practice. Students in past strategic management classes have had trouble with the guidelines you’ll see in the following paragraph. Please read this document carefully and be prepared to demonstrate your understanding during the next class session.An executive memo is a short (no more than 500 words) internal document whose purpose is to make strategic recommendations to a company. The executive memo has 4 parts: the issue, the recommendation, the action plan, and the discussion of alternatives, in that order. When you write your executive memo, there are several important guidelines to keep in mind: * The memo is short, so every word should count. Don’t waste time giving the company information it already has (i. e. , what the company does, how much it’s sold, etc. * It’s important that you present the material in the order given here. This is not creative writing! * Everything in the memo should be connected to the issue at hand: the recommendation, the action plan, and the alternatives should all serve to resolve the issue. * Since the memo focuses on the issue, it is crucial that you state the issue clearly. Starting your memo: the subject line Make sure your subject line encapsulates the main issue of your memo. Section 1: The Issue * The memo should begin with a statement of the strategy problem you will address (i. . , you are defining the problem). This definition is key because it determines the direction which the rest of the memo will take. * It is vital to distinguish between observational information and the problem you want to solve. Be crystal clear and specific about the issue you will address. Your issue section should do the following: * Identify the root problems associated with the issue. * Provide a measure of how significant the problem is. * Provide a sense of how urgent the problem is. * Identify the risk if the issue is not addressed.Section 2: Recommendation(s) This section comes early in the memo because it’s more important that the reader see it than the alternatives. Nevertheless, it’s best to write your alternatives first and choose from among them. * Your recommendation must be one of your alternatives and must relate back to the issue and causes you have defined initially. * State CLEARLY what solution you recommend and briefly why it represents the best alternative. * Normally, the recommendation will be one alternative; however, sometimes it may incorporate one aspect of a second option. Indicate briefly that you understand whatever drawbacks may exist to the solution you have chosen. * Make sure your recommendation is rea listic given physical and economic limitations. Section 3: Action plan This section should be a brief bullet list. The action plan is a schedule for the implementation of the recommendations you have made. * The goal of the action plan is to show the reader (your boss) the scope of the activity involved and demonstrate your understanding of what has to be done to complete it. * Since someone else will probably carry out the recommendations, your action plan gives that person a template to follow. Break it up into activity periods – Immediate, Short term, etc. , with days in brackets. This gives the reader a sense of the time period the program will be finished in. Section 4: Discussion of alternatives This section helps the reader understand how you came to your decision and demonstrates that you considered the issue thoroughly. Be sure to present three reasonable alternatives. * The section should begin with a brief introductory paragraph for background; this paragraph shoul d include the basic criteria which the alternatives are judged on. You should then move on to discuss THREE alternatives, which should all have a similar focus: 3 on a new target market, 3 on a marketing strategy, 3 on new distribution channels, etc. * For each alternative, you need to give factors in its favour and the reasons for your rejection, in other words, the pros and cons of each alternative. As you analyze each alternative, keep in mind the risk factor(s) you identified for the issue. * Remember that alternatives and the arguments you make for it must address the issue you have defined.

Messi

Jahaziel Bonfil? COMS 151 Lionel Andres Messi? To inform the class who Lionel Andres Messi is? Thesis statement: Introduction (Short little Clip) (10 sec) Lionel Andres Messi is a professional soccer player who plays for La Liga in club FC Barcelona and is the captain of the Argentina national team. He is consider to be one of the world greatest soccer player of all time.? IV. Preview of main points. I WILL BE TALKING ABOUT HIS LIFE, HIS ROAD TO SUCCESS, AND HIS ACHIEVEMENTS A. HISTORY -Origin: Born June 24, 1987 in Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina. -Family: His father Jorge Messi; His mother Celia.Lionel was the third of the couple’s three boys—his older brothers are named Matias and Rodrigo. Lionel also has a sister, Maria Sol. -Beginning of soccer: All three boys played, and Jorge coached a local youth team. Lionel joined his dad’s club at the age of five. He was extremely small for his age but extremely talented as well. Lionel showed enough at the youth-soccer l evel to earn a development spot with the top local club, Newell’s Old Boys. He joined the team at the age of eight. Transition: The problem, of course, was his size. While teammates the same age grew an inch or two each year, Lionel’s progress was painfully slow.B. ROAD TO SUCCESS -His â€Å"small† problem: After Lionel turned 11, the Messi's were informed by doctors that their talented son had a hormone deficiency. Growth hormone therapy would cost between $500 and $1,000 a month. Even do Club Atletico River Plate was at first was interested they could not afford such treatment. The only other team they at connections with was FC Barcelona but that would be asking too much. -Barcelona Trials: FC Barcelona's director, Carles Rexach, had heard about the boy’s talent through the Messi’s relatives in Catalonia and was un afraid by the price tag of growth hormone therapy. Jorge and Lionel traveled o Spain, and Rexach granted the boy a tryout. He passed and joined La Massia , Barcelonas youth academy soccer program. Lionel joined Barcelona’s U-14 squad and became the best player on the team. As he learned the nuances of the game, he moved rapidly through the organization, joining the C team and then the B team before earning a spot with the club's A team. Lionel made his debut for FC Barcelona in a non-league game against FC Porto in November of 2003. He was six months pat his 16th birthday. (10 SEC of Messi taking on players and scoring) C. ACHIEVEMENTS (2min)SHOW PICTURES OF ACHIEVEMENT THROUGH POWERPOINT Debut:  RCD Espanyol-FC Barcelona (0-1, League), 16/10/2004 -On May 1, 2005, he became the youngest player ever to score a league goal for FC Barcelona – against Albacete when Messi was only 17 years, 10 months and 7 days old – At the Under 20 World Cup in Holland, Messi not only won the title with Argentina, but was also the leading goalscorer and was voted best player in the tournament. -His breakthroug h came in the 2005-06 season -On May 1, 2005, he became the youngest player ever to score a league goal for FC Barcelona – against Albacete when Messi was only 17 years, 10 months and 7 days old He continued to develop in the 2007/08 campaign, when he scored 16 goals and gave 10 assists in the 40 games he played in. -In the summer of 2008 he also played at the Beijing Olympics, and came home with a gold medal. -In the 2008/09 season, and now without Ronaldinho alongside him, Messi became the main star of the Barca show. -He managed to stay injury free all season, and played 51 games, scoring 38 goals. -In 2009, he finally won both the FIFA World Player and Ballon d’Or. -How far can Leo Messi go? He was the league's top scorer in the 2009-10 season and equalled Ronaldo's historic total of 34 goals (96-97).He scored the goal against Estudiantes that won Barca the Club's first World Club Cup. -But without settling for that, the Argentinian went even further in the 2010/11 season, scoring no fewer than 53 official goals, a Spanish record only matched by Cristiano Ronaldo (that very same season) -In 2011, he also won the Ballon d’Or for the third time -In the season 2011/12 Messi moves past Cesar Rodriguez's record of 232 goals to become the Club's all time top goalscorer. -Messi is also captain of the Argentina national and has played in two World Cups (2006 and 2010) and two Copa Americas (2007 and 2011).Transition: To wrap things up I just want to say he his only 25 years. He still as more to give and more to receive. One of the biggest soccer events is about to start, World Cup 2014 his going to be and no doubt he will be in the spotlight. Conclusion: Although it is still too early to tell we can surely say we are looking at legend in the making Works Cited? owl. english. purdue. edu â€Å"Lionel Messi Worlds Greatest Player. † Dailymotion. N. p. , n. d. Web. 23 Oct. 2012. . â€Å"Lionel MESSI. † FIFA. com. N. p. , n. d. Web. 23 Oct. 2012. . â€Å"Messi 10. † Messi. N. p. , n. d. Web. 23 Oct. 2012. .

Vodafone Marketing Issues Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Vodafone Marketing Issues - Assignment Example Proposal: From the above annexure, it is observed that sales, as well as the market capitalization of the organization, has increased in the past year owing to the advertising efforts taken up by the company from past 2007 in the Hong Kong as well as the other units. Out of the total revenues generated by the advertising companies, a 9% increase is attributed to the Vodafone advertising campaigns (Eaton. M, 2007). With the increase in the ad spends, the company could boost its sales of mobiles and network services so much that even though the Average Revenue per User (ARPU) has been reduced to its rock-bottom prices, the increased customer base improved the profitability levels of the company. As already known, due to the recessionary pressures in this year, the sales targets were cut down twice already. The company is gearing up to face the turmoil by cost-cutting measures. In this exercise, reports suggest that severe cut in the ad spend would be taken up as one such measure along with the other measures of job cuts and logistics. (Thiel. S, 2009). As already emphasized, ad spend is directly related to the increase in sales and customer growth, a cut in that expenditure may cause negative repercussions for the organization. Instead, if increase in the ARPU is considered commensurate to the industry levels, given the existing large customer base of 289 million customers (Anon. 1, 2008), more revenue can be generated per customer which could be utilized for the required ad spend thereby giving a scope for the growth of the customer base in the future also. Research conducted by the Mc. Kinsey and London Business School suggests that firms which reduce their ad spend during the worst of the times tend to lose both in the short and the long terms.  

Comparing and contrasting Odyssey by Homer to movie O'Brother, Where Essay

Comparing and contrasting Odyssey by Homer to movie O'Brother, Where Art Thou - Essay Example works of art, several characters in the film have names similar to the characters in Homer’s work and the protagonist in the film, Ulysses Everett McGill, shares his name with the protagonist in Odyssey, i.e. the Latin form of the Greek name Odysseus which is Ulysses. Similarly, Odysseus and Ulysses Everett McGill both seem to have several enemies and few friends in these stories and an analysis of these characters in relation to the protagonists can help one in realizing the ultimate relationship between the film and the ancient epic poem. Thus, Athena is Odysseus’ friend and Poseidon, his enemy, while God is Ulysses’ friend in the film and the man with the dark glasses and dog (i.e. policeman) is his enemy. This paper undertakes a reflective analysis of why each one either helps or hinders Odysseus or Everett, what methods each person uses to accomplish his or her purposes and the overall efficacy with which these persons either oppose or aid Odysseus and Evere tt. A profound character analysis of Homer’s Odyssey confirms that Athena  , the daughter of Zeus and goddess of wisdom, has one of the most helpful friends of the protagonist Odysseus and she assists him with divine powers all the way through the epic. Thus, a careful reader of the epic realizes that Athena  implements significant methods to assist her friend and she is the one who raises her voice for Odysseus in the councils of the gods on Mount Olympus. In one of the most noticeable strategies to assist her friend, Athena  frequently accompanies Odysseus in disguise as Mentor, an old friend. The major reason for why she helps Odysseus is that she is fascinated by the brave and wily character of Odysseus. â€Å"As goddess of wisdom and battle, Athena naturally has a soft spot for the brave and wily Odysseus. She helps him out of many tough situations, including his shipwreck in Book 5 and the mismatched battle of Book 22. She does not merely impart sense and safety to h er passive charge, however.

Window Display (Pasta) Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Window Display (Pasta) - Term Paper Example Beginning with the idea of â€Å"fall into CSR†, we wanted to bring together an autumnal atmosphere and a suggestion of serendipity – hence the upside-down trees dropping their leaves on to a representation of academia (the folders). The leaves hint at the significant relationship between nature and consumer/family science, but we wanted to take this suggestion further. We felt that certain aspects of the SCAMPER model – namely Substitute and Reverse – would make this connection much more obvious. The pasta is a substitute for branches; as it is clear that our trees have recently dropped their leaves, we felt that the unpredictable shape of tree branches should be visible, rather than leaving the cardboard tree blank. The shape of the pasta does not exactly mirror the shape of branches, but it evokes a similar atmosphere, and adds greatly to the interest of the branch shapes cut into the cardboard. The way in which we used the Reverse concept of SCAMPER is, I find, delightfully subtle: the pasta is a processed foodstuff, which is glued to the cardboard trees instead of (unprocessed) leaves. The reversal of the typical manufacturing process, again, emphasizes that in CSR we are very aware of the links between processed and unprocessed goods. That said, I feel that one improvement we could have made would be to use a processed good made from leaves, or had the unprocessed goods of pasta in the display. The reason that we decided against this was because the unprocessed ingredients of pasta (flour, water, egg, salt) do not have the same autumnal ideas as leaves and fall. Furthermore, we felt that pasta has certain connotations which we felt would be a suitable presence in our display, particularly in relation to the family part of CSR. Pasta is often referred to as a comfort food, and is evocative of a family home and the commitment that thrives within such an environment. It is also a â€Å"healthy carbohydrate† (Baer-Sinnott) and a good basic staple for

Behavioural Aspects of Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Behavioural Aspects of Marketing - Essay Example Even in the remote, unheard of societies, all people remain consumers with diverse interests and gullibility to get influenced in their decisions. Placing the consumers in the market place and psychologically dissecting their behaviour could be a cross-subject study of psychology, marketing and advertisement results. When we take consumers individually, it is necessary to take the perception and the factors influencing it. Learning and the resultant memory that motivates further action with changed or unchanged values that cause involvement and attitudes are very important. It is necessary to remember that this research region is very young, influx and energetic. It also is being 'constantly cross-fertilised' by external perspectives belonging to various disciplines. It is interesting to know the everyday activities of people. In one of the most influential works in the field, Solomon et al have impressively provided a comprehensive and contemporary detail of the currently prevalent consumer behaviour. The arguments are lively and practical while portraying the strategic marketing issues, diverse European values etc. They also provide a peek into the multi-dimensional European lifestyle, buying habits, marketing behaviour, their relationship with the global market and the behavioural fluctuations. They wrote in the preface: "The field of consumer behaviour is, to us, the study of how the world is influenced by the action of marketers. We're fortunate enough to be teachers and researchers whose work allows us to study consumers". This consumer behavioural insight has to be applied to our Whole Foods Market. USUAL BEHAVIOUR OF CONSUMERS The advertisements are so persuasive today that it is impossible not to listen or get influenced. Marketing opportunities, to a large extent are connected with the cultural dimensions that influence the behaviour issues and concepts. This does not mean that cultural compulsions do not change at all. We have seen that even in the rigidly religious countries, where almost everything is a taboo, consumer behaviour changes, but changes with ultimate slowness. Consumers are eager to new experiences, especially in the food region, with the recent food and nutrition knowledge. Solomon et al have drawn a multi-dimensional portrait of European consumers within which they have shown the European modern family structure and how it has influenced the household decision making. They have shown the traditional influence of the culture which still holds its own in addition to the influence and compulsions of income and the social class and how they command the consumer behaviour and individual decisions. Basic model of consumer decision making might follow the traditional path of problem recognition, search for the information, evaluation of alternatives, decision of choice, evaluation after the purchase and all these are adequately influenced or dictated by the values, lifestyle, cultural and cross-cultural differences. Habit forming products, non-habit forming products that are not purchased regularly fall into two different categories and are not influenced by the same decision making process. Then comes the power of

Chief Information Security Officer Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Chief Information Security Officer - Term Paper Example The repercussions of these breaches are felt by multiple parties including the administrative staff, the university itself, the IT department and the student body. It is therefore, imperative for higher education institutions to familiarize themselves with the constantly changing threats besides the high cost associated with leaving data and systems unprotected. Introduction Computer system hacks and data breaches with higher education institutions as the main target are constantly dominating the headlines. The higher education institutions are increasingly at high risk having their information and data compromised by malicious activities and hackers beside insider mistakes. The considerable number of system hacks and data breaches experienced by higher educational institutions can be attributed to such factors as resource plague issues experienced by IT department within the institutions, budgetary constraints and desperate database systems among other factors (Gahm, 2010). Higher e ducational institutions posses a considerable amount of data and distinct data type which make them a potential target by malicious attackers and hackers. A wealth of personally identifiable information is mostly stored by these institutions thus the high risk of data breaches and system hacks. A health record of students, employees and parents together with their names, social security numbers and credit card numbers are among the sensitive information that subject these institutions to potential threats and makes them a valuable target to the hackers. (Gahm, 2010) According to Gahm, Higher educational institutions should learn to take actions besides implementing proactive security to their database infrastructure in order to protect the critical information contained in their database systems. These database systems house a variety of information that can be exploited for financial gain. Given that the institution’s databases are the most critical repository of confidentia l and sensitive information at these institutions, safeguarding the database is of the essence (2010). Recent hack attacks against higher educational institutions Some of the top and best universities around the world had recently been reported to have fallen victim of computer system hack and data breaches. Team GhostShell, a hacking group claimed to have hacked into the servers of close to a hundred universities across the globe including Harvard, University of Pennsylvania, Stanford and University of Michigan. Close to 120,000 records were accessed from the breached universities’ servers and publicly posted. Critical and confidential information such as the names, phone numbers, log in details and email addresses were among the records exposed in the event of the breaches. The reports further showed that the hackers used malware injection into the servers in order to compromise their security and gain access to the records. The log-in credentials exposed were further used to improperly access some of the universities’ websites including Stanford University. Another data breach incident involving Western Connecticut State University was reported and blamed on the vulnerabilities existing on their computer systems. The breach utilized the existing vulnerabilities in the system and inappropriately accessed and exposed confidential inf

Apple Financial Accounting Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Apple Financial Accounting - Case Study Example Paragraph no. 6 of Statement of financial Reporting Standards no. 48 states the criteria for recognizing revenue when right of return exists states that all the following exists: a) The seller's price to the buyer is substantially fixed or determinable at the date of sale, b) The buyer has paid the seller, or the buyer is obligated to pay the seller and the obligation is not contingent on resale of the product, c) The buyer's obligation to the seller would not be changed in the event of theft or physical destruction or damage of the product, d) The buyer acquiring the product for resale has economic substance apart from that provided by the seller, e) The seller does not have significant obligations for future performance to directly bring about resale of the product by the buyer, f) The amount of future returns can be reasonably estimated. This standard further states that the related sales and cost of sales not recognized at the time of the sale shall be recognized either when the return privilege has substantially or if those conditions are met whichever arrives first1. Further, the MacObserver article dated April 22, 2004 entitled TMO Reports - Apple Shareholder Meeting: Board of Directors & Auditors, In; Exec Salary Cap, Out(Chaffin, 1) stated that Apple Inc. retained its current external auditors, KPMG for the year 2004. This shows that the external auditors and Apple had complied with the engagement conditions established by both parties. In addition, KPMG continues to do other non -auditing jobs for Apple, Inc. KPMG continues its management advisory services and other related accounting services to Apple. This only shows that the client - auditor relationship between Apple, Inc. and KPMG is beneficial to both parties2. II. Bring summary of the firm chosen. Apple computers was founded by Steve Jobs. He had worked hard to produce a product that tower over its competitors in the computer industry. He wanted to invent an insanely great computer. Apple computers were then born. It continued to make revolutionary advances by introducing newer and better products. Apple is popularly known for introducing the first personal digital assistant called Newton. Its failure was successfully replaced by the Palm Pilot. This was an instant hit to the general public. Likewise, another Apple product, Mac, was also a very profitable success. The Mac clearly overpowered its competition in the computer market segment3. Currently, the company has been generating net profits amounting to $3,496 million as of October 2007. Likewise, the company generated net income amounting to a lesser $1,989 for the year October 20064. Apple has many strategies implemented to maintain its lead in the computer sales segment. The company even offers low monthly payments, defe rral of principal amounts due and other special offers to increase its sales and offers to keep its top spot in the computer world. The company also offers lease programs for people who cannot yet pay cash up front5. III. Subsections a. How does the firm classify and account for the rule Apple, Inc., is firm in its stand to classify and account for revenues in accordance with statement of financial accounting standards no. 48. One logical reason for this is that that external auditors, KMPG, would not back out from their yearly audit

Honesty - the Best Policy Essay Example for Free

Honesty the Best Policy Essay Honesty is the human quality of communicating and acting truthful and with fairness, as best one is able. It is related to truth as a value. This includes listening, reasoning and any action in the human repertoire — as well as speaking. Superficially, honesty means simply, stating facts and views as best one truly believes them to be. It includes both honesty to others, and to oneself (see: self-deception) and about ones own motives and inner reality. Western views on honesty  Since the quality of honesty applies to all behaviors, one cannot refuse to consider factual information, for example, in an unbiased manner and still claim that ones knowledge, belief or position is an attempt to be truthful. Such a belief is clearly a product of ones desires and simply has nothing to do with the human ability to know. Basing ones positions on what one wants — rather than unbiased evidence gathering — is dishonest even when good intentions can be cited — after all even Hitler could cite good intentions and intended glory for a select group of people. Clearly then, an unbiased approach to the truth is a requirement of honesty. Because intentions are closely related to fairness and certainly affect the degree of honesty/dishonesty, there is a wide spread confusion about honestyand a general belief that being dishonest means that one always  correctly understands if their behavior is either honest or dishonest. Self-perception of our morality is non-static and volatile. Its often at the moment we refuse to consider other perspectives that there is a clear indication we are not pursuing the truth, rather than simply and exclusively at the moment we can muster up evidence that we are right. Socrates had much to say about truth, honesty and morality, and explained that if people really understood that their behavior was wrong — then they simply wouldnt do it — by definition. Unfortunately, honesty in the western tradition has been marginalized to specific instances — perhaps because a thorough understanding of honesty collides with ideologies of all types. Ideologies and idealism often exaggerate and suppress evidence in order to support their perspectives — at the expense of the truth. This process erodes the ractice and understanding of honesty. To an ideologist the truth quite often becomes insignificant, what matters most are their ideals and what ever supports their desires to enjoy and spread those ideals. Human beings are inherently biased about what they believe to be good due to individual tastes backgrounds, but once one understands that a decidedly biased approach to what is true — is inherently dishonest, one can also understand how idealism and ideology have poorly served the quest for an honest, moral society. Both honesty and morality require that we base our opinions about what is good — upon unbiased ideas of what is TRUE — rather than vice versa (determining what is true based on what we feel is good) — the way all ideologies would have us believe. The studies of Confucius about honesty Confucius recognized several levels of honesty, fundamental to his ethics: His shallowest concept of honesty was implied in his notion of Li: all actions committed by a person to build the ideal society aiming at meeting their surface desires of a person either immediately (bad) or longer term (good). To admit that one sought immediate gratification could however make a bad act better, and to hide ones long term goals could cloud a good act. A key principle was that a gentleman must strive to convey his feelings honestly on his face, so that these could help each other coordinate for long term gain for all. So there was a visible relation between time horizon, etiquette and ones image of oneself even in the mirror. This generates self-honesty and keeps such activities as business calm, unsurprising, and aboveboard. In this conception, one is honest because it suits ones own self-interest only. Deeper than Li was Yi or righteousness. Rather than pursuing your own interests you should do what is right and moral based on reciprocity. Here too time is central, but as a time span: since your parents spent your first three years raising you, you spent three mourning them after they die. At this level one is honest about ones obligations and duty. Even with no one else to keep you honest or to relate to directly, a deeply honest person ould relate to ancestors as if they were alive and would not act in ways that would make them ashamed. This was part of the moral code that included ancestor worship, but Confucius had made it rigorous. The deepest level of honesty was Ren, out of which flowed Yi and thus Li. Confucius morality was based upon empathy and understanding others, which required understanding ones own moral core first, rather than on divinely ordained rules, which could simply be obeyed. The Confucian version of the Golden Rule was to treat your inferiors as you would want your superiors to treat you. Virtue under Confucius is based upon harmony with others and a recognition of the honest reality that eventually (say in old age) one will come under the power of others (say ones children). So this level of honesty is to actually put oneself in context of ones whole life and future generations and choose to do or say nothing that would not reflect ones familys honour and reputation for honesty and acceptance of truth, such as eventual death. Partially because of incomplete understanding of these deeper notions of honesty among Westerners, in Asian countries it is common to refer to those who do not have them as barbarians. While sometimes Asian cultures sanction an almost intolerable degree of delay and ambiguity for Western tastes, it is very often to avoid lying, or giving a positive impression where doubt exists. These would be thought dishonest by Asians. Thus pressing for a decision on a matter where it is not yet possible to give an honest commitment or answer is seen as extremely rude in effect, forcing someone to choose to be either rude or dishonest. Both being unthinkable in traditional culture, one thus delays. A Buddhist teaching on honesty Thanissaro Bhikkhu taught: â€Å"Real honesty is being honest about what your possibilities are, what your potentials are. Thats where true honesty lies. It stretches us. It’s not simply admitting where we are that’s a beginning step, it’s not the end step. So be honest about where you are but also be honest about what your possibilities are. That keeps the challenge of the path always before us. †

Types and Functions of Organizational Structures

Types and Functions of Organizational Structures The structure of an organization is very similar to that of a house or any other building. Before the building will stand up, it has to be based on solid foundations. Then the organization structure generally is establishing internal authority relationships, responsibility for work performance, and paths of communication and control required for a company to achieve its objective. After that, what is the function of organization structure? Well, there is few function are there. First is setting strategic direction, by this function we know how the organization was going and how it is going to get there. Next is identifying core values, this is about what the organization stands for and also what it does not stand for. Leading with vision, is to encourage the employees, the customers and the other stakeholders. Setting objectives, important for the company to set goals of the organization, or what it is going to try to achieve next. Next function is talking decisions and action to move toward the objectives, this is about what the future planning for the company and know which direction is the company heading. Directing, controlling and coordinating, this is for moving the organization towards its goals. Next is evaluating performance and lastly is reviewing strategic direction, to make sure the organization is using the correct strategic to avoid any lost. Type of organization structure There is still many other type of organization structure around like cluster structure, regional structure, flat structure and more. But then the chosen organization structure by me is Customer Structure, Functional Structure, Matrix Structure, Network Structure, Process Structure, and Product Structure which is easier to see in the real world. Based on the research the functional structure is most beneficial to the company we have selected. Below is the chosen organization structure for this assignment. Customer Structure Structures around customer segments are successful where there are obvious customer segments defined by need, economics, distribution and other key attributes. Divisional/customer structures are effective: where well-defined customer segments have been identified; or when selling products/services unique to segment; or when using buyer strength; or when leveraging customer knowledge advantage; or when requiring rapid customer service and product cycles; or when perceiving minimum efficiencies of scale in functions or outsourcing; or when promoting a strong marketing/customer-focused culture. Royal Philips Electronics  [1]  is an example of a customer-facing structure. Functional Structure A functional structure is a highly traditional structure and is often found in strong command and control organizations such as the military. The key strategy of functionally focused organizations is to maximize margins through leveraging economies of scale and functional expertise. Functional structures are effective when: there are stable and undifferentiated markets with well-understood customer requirements; or there is a successful, control-focused enterprise culture; or there is a small, single product line; or there is scale or expertise within each function; or there is long product development and life cycles; or the organization works to common standards. The functional organization has some obvious advantages, but it also has large disadvantages. The expertise in the organization is centralized and enabled to develop further. This will also involve a kind of cultural homogeneity: People have the same academic background, they use the same technical models, and they perform tasks within the same function. All these factors are seemingly fine, but the problem is that the different professional groups distinguish themselves, distance themselves from each other, do not understand each other and easily come into conflicts with each other. Under the functional structure, major functions are the focus. Product knowledge is centered in manufacturing, engineering, and marketing, and management of each of these departments is responsible for both domestic and international activities. Advantages of the Functional Structure First is Emphasis on functional expertise. The key business tasks define work and functional expertise is brought to bear on all aspects of the operation. Second is tight control. This centralized functional approach permits a small staff to control the firms operations. Top management has authority and operational responsibility. Third is Prevents We versus Them conflicts. The absence of secondary profit centers prevents internal conflicts. Disadvantages of the Functional Structure First is weak regional coordination. Disputes between functional managers must often be resolved at the corporate level. The CEO is often asked to solve problems in areas in which he or she lacks expertise, such as international business. Second is in firms with multiple product lines, functional structure can lead to top-heaviness. In multiproduct firms, functional managers need expertise in each product, or a functional manager is needed for each product. Matrix Structure An overused word, the Matrix has a particular meaning in structural terms. In organizational structure terms, Matrix is the version in which staff from different function work together on projects in a matrix pattern. So, a finance manager can cooperate with a sales person to secure a new contract or to rescue the costs of serving a client. The benefit is that the organization can respond quickly and effectively to changing demands from either a client or the business environment. In the process, the skills and experience of the team can be developed and honed quickly and successfully. Against this, there can be confusion on reporting conflicts and the organization can appear to be fragmented and constantly in a state of flux but, then many organizations are constantly changing anyway. Matrix structures typically operate in two dimensions and are usually one of three types: functional matrix, balanced matrix or project matrix. The aim of the matrix structure is to provide customers with innovative where: or core work is project-based or the work requires small groups of people; or projects require highly specialized skills and knowledge; or project skill requirements vary greatly; or labor cost is a prime economic driver. General Motors  [3]  is an example of a matrix structure. Network Structure Network structures are valuable for fast-moving organizations that are highly innovative and operating in an environment that requires speed, flexibility and high levels of customer focus. In network enterprises work is organized around team and unit delivery, often because units have distinctively different ways of working. However, as the units work in combination, the delivery to the customer is seamless. The movement of a parcel from point of dispatch to point of delivery, via a company such as UPS  [4]  , is an illustration of a network structure. Process Structure As the name suggests, the focus here is on the process of how to go about the work, usually in a smooth, almost horizontal way. There is often virtually no vertical function in that, provided a team keeps its clients and other stakeholders happy, it is left alone to get on with its job. This type of structure can enhance cross functional working and general cooperation. On the downside, it can also result in the work flow being regarded as more important that the end product, so quality can suffer. Responsibility can also be diffuse, which can be disadvantages to some employees and customers alike. Perhaps the major issue is that the vertical chimney effect can blind managers to the possibilities of stronger cooperation, tighter cohesive strategic thinking and the benefits of centralized, corporate planning. In this structure the focus is on processes where core services are operated across the enterprise. Internal support services are frequently organized in this way but customer-facing services are equally well served by this structure, which is a good alternative to the functional structure. Process focused structures work well when: or there are well-defined processes serving different customers (internal/external); or there is potential for new processes and/or radical change to processes; or there is a requirement to reduce working capital; or there is a need to reduce process cycle times; or there is little interdependency between core processes; or there are different cultures/workforces between core processes. Product Structure A divisional/product structure is the most appropriate in a business where there are low synergies between the buyers and the distribution channels of the different divisions. Typically, in this structure each division runs as an independent business unit. Divisional/product structures are effective when: stakeholders perceive low synergies between products; or there are different purchasing process/distribution channels; or there are different operating requirements for success; or there is a different competitive environment; or there are short product development and life cycles; or there is a minimum efficiency of scale for functions or outsourcing. Product organization is a significant form of organization today. It is particularly useful in organizations with clearly separated product groups or services. Quick changes in competitive conditions and technology cause great advantages for this organizational form in preference to functional organization. The advantages of product organization are that the specialists in the organization are able to focus on one specific product group and make quick decisions. Also, the final result will also be much clearer than in functional organization where responsibilities are often volatilized. Danone  [5]  is an example of an organization structured on product lines as the following extract from its website illustrates. In order to handle such a task, many organizations have experimented with different structural solutions, which include setting up groups or project groups across the established structure (basic organization). The language use in there solutions is a bit hesitant. There are three types of organizations; ad hoc organizations, project organizations or matrix organizations. It is not a matter of making repairs on an organization but of developing a double-acting organization in which large parts of the organization is prepared to live with crossing lines. Comparing Structures Conclusion For the organization structure, the decision of structure that has chosen is functional structure. Why choose this? Because

Cant Help Falling in Love :: Music Romance Elvis Presley Essays

Can't Help Falling in Love Wise men say only fools rush in/ but I can't help falling in love with you/ Shall I stay/ would it be a sin/If I can't help falling in love with you/ Like a river flows surely to the sea/ Darling so it goes/ some things are meant to be/ take my hand, take my whole life too/ for I can't help falling in love with you/ Like a river flows surely to the sea/ Darling so it goes/ some things are meant to be/ take my hand, take my whole life too/ for I can't help falling in love with you/ for I can't help falling in love with you –Elvis Presley (1) Elvis may have been wise before his time, because research has found out that you cannot "help falling in love". (1) Many recording artists sing about love and how you cannot help the way you feel about someone when you are in love. Many researchers have done studies to find out what happens within the brain when you are in love and the results are interesting. Before one can understand the emotion of love, one must look at emotions themselves and what they do within the brain. Emotions: Emotions are defined as "stereotypic patterns of the body, which are triggered by the central nervous system in response to distinct external environmental situations or to the recollection of memories related to such situations." (2) In other words, this means the emotions are the way the nervous system reacts to different situations one might find themselves in. In order to survive, emotional responses must be present. (2) "Whenever an emotion is triggered, a network of brain regions (traditionally referred to as the limbic system) generates a pattern of stereotypic outputs, which ultimately induce a biological response of the body." (2) These stereotypic outputs are what humans call emotions. They are predictable responses to certain situations, for instance when a person is in a sad situation, they will cry and feel depressed or if a person is in a happy situation, they will laugh and smile. These responses are because "specific circuits of the emotional motor system have ev olved to both generate this stereotypic emotional facial response, as well as instantaneously recognize it when it occurs in somebody else." (2) This holds true for people in love, when you see someone in love you can tell because their face tells all.

Analysis of a Horses by Edwin Muir Essay -- English Literature

Analysis of a poem- Horses by Edwin Muir It is said that one should forget the past and live in the present It is said that one should forget the past and live in the present. However, Edwin Muir’s ‘Horses’ is a poem of past memories only. The interesting part is that it deals with many conflicts and issues which are prevalent even today. It is thus a bridge between the past and present and is expressed in the form of a piece of literature. Muir himself said that in writing about horses in this poem, he was reflecting his childhood view of his father’s plough horses, which must have seemed huge, powerful and mysterious to a boy of four or five. Some of his poems, including ‘Horses’, have a close equivalent in passages from his autobiography, suggesting that seeing these horses reminded him of certain events. The poem begins with the poet transcending reality and reminiscing of one of his childhood memories. In this case it is one of when he as a child, watched a team of horses ploughing the stubble back into the field, during a rainy day which got progressively stormier. In the first two verses, the poet gives the reader a meaningful hint into what the circumstances of his times were. This was most probably, the hardships of a period of war. The few references Muir makes to an army such as in cases where the horses â€Å"marched† and the word â€Å"conquering† further strengthen this issue of war. â€Å"Their hooves like pistons in an ancient mill† This line brings up another issue which is plaguing the third world as we know it. In the same verse he refers to a â€Å"childish hour† in which he also compares the horses’ hooves to pistons in an ancient mill. This refers to how child labour in factories was existent e... ...hose memories back when he says â€Å"I must pine†¦Ã¢â‚¬  hoping, in my perspective, to change the past. Muir now seems to be in a state of possible turmoil and confusion. At one point, he refers to these memories as â€Å"dreadful and fearful† while in the same verse he calls them â€Å"bright.† Ultimately however, it seems that the past has been greater than the present; at least it still has an overwhelming effect on the poet’s mind. It is said â€Å"When you are thrown from the horse, the best thing you can do is to get back on as soon as possible†. Returning to the ‘scene of crime’ can help resolve issues and this is exactly what Muir is doing through the course of the poem. The closing paragraph of the poem is very powerful in how it expresses his mixed feelings towards the Horses. Through these animals, he has given light to different issues that disturbed him as a child.

Euthanasia Essay: Assisted Suicide and Dr. Kevorkian -- Euthanasia Phy

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Dr. Jack Kevorkian was sentenced fifteen to twenty years in jail for a second degree murder charge.   There is no doubt that Dr. Kevorkian injected lethal drugs into Thomas Youk, killing him within minutes.   But was the murder committed as an act of rage?   No, it was done as an act of kindness.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   For the past ten years, Dr. Kevorkian has been performing assisted suicides.   In that time, Kevorkian claims to have eased the suffering of 130 patients.   He has also been fighting to legalize euthanasia.   There are some people that support Kevorkian’s views of euthanasia, yet there are still many people that think that what Kevorkian is doing is wrong.   Until the later part of April, when he was convicted of second degree murder, Kevorkian had been found not guilty of assisted suicide charges on four separate accounts.   Is Jack Kevorkian’s actions one of a hero or of a madman?      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Currently, the only state that assisted suicide is legal is Oregon.   Euthanasia is illegal everywhere in the United States.   Euthanasia is a better option than assisted suicide.   Euthanasia differs from assisted suicide in that the physician actually injects the lethal drug instead of prescribing it.   Because patients are required to take the lethal drug themselves, there is the chance that they may take the drug the wrong way.   This could cause the patient to survive the lethal dose and do more harm.   There is a twenty-five percent chance that a patient will fail to kill themselves by assisted suicide (Smith 37).      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Dr. Kevorkian, the most outspoken euthanasia activist in the United States... ...is argument is wrong.    Works Cited Corry, John.   "Who is Jack Kevorkian, Really?"   Reader’s Digest.   April 1999:   87-92. Goldstein, Frederick J.   "Dr. Jack Kevorkian:   Friend or Foe?"   The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology.   January 1997:   1-3. Grace, Julie.   "Curtains for Dr. Death."   Time 5 Apr. 1999:   48. Lessenberry, Jack.   "Death Becomes Him."   Vanity Fair July 1994:   102-113. McHugh, Paul R.   "The Kevorkian Epidemic."   The American Scholar.   Vol. 66.   1997:   15-27. Nelan, Bruce W.   "Fasting for the Right to Die."   Time 15 Nov. 1993:   89. Shapiro, Joseph P.   "Dr. Death Has Yet Another Day in Court."   U.S. News and World Report 29 Mar. 1999:   37. Shapiro, Joseph P.   "Dr. Death’s Last Dance."   U.S. News and World Report.   26 Apr. 1999:   44. Smith, Wesley J.   "Death Wars."   National Review 14 Jul. 1997:   36-37.   

Environment Pollution Essay

As you know, China is well known on its 5000 years history, and it’s also famous for producing poisonous food and the worst environment pollution. Living in a developing country, Chinese develop industry and handicraft industry, and making money as much as they can. Compare with environment pollution, Chinese business man more care about how much money they could make per day. There are millions of factories in China mainland. And thousands of factories are being built right now. Before factories were built, owner or designer usually choose the factory location which nearby the river or lake. Locals usually drink and take water from the river or lake. Some rivers even provide water to several cities. Usually, an industry factory could produce poisonous waste water 350 m? /h and exhaust gas or smog 14000m? /h. But each factory could treat poisonous waste water 30m? /h. that means over 300m? /h poisonous waste water cannot be treated and be discharged into river or lake. In each factory, the equipment for exhaust treatment is required, but the most factories discharge exhaust treatment into air without treatment. Industry community usually is the high incidence area of cancer and oaf. Animals which are living nearby or living in the rivers and lakes, are bigger or with strange appearance. Farmers who are local, usually take water from river or lack for irrigation and raising livestock. Locals get disease on drinking poisonous water, eating poisonous food, and breathing in seriously polluted area. In China, living healthier become people’s dream and hope. Everybody hopes long live and having a healthy life. Over 70% Chinese are not covered by health insurance, and medical bill is going higher and higher, over 85% locals cannot handle it. People usually stay at home and wait for death when they get disease. Living in polluted area make people more worry about their descendants. People start to move to foreign country for a better environment. Let descendants have a chance to live in a healthier living environment also become their goal.

Atellophobia

TRANSVERSAL PROYECT ENGLISH ATELOPHOBIA Grammar Oral Literature Marina Cecilia Garcia Contreras Rodrigo Hernandez Martinez Ilse Navarrete Salazar Diego Rodriguez Castro 4 °A Why we chose this problem? People too often become victims of Atelophobia in other words ‘fear of imperfection'. But one should always remember that mistakes are eye openers. They add to a person's experience. Mistakes are very normal. Till the time, you do not try to do a thing that you have never done before, you cannot do it. Any kind of fear of failure in doing that task perfectly is just a blocker.In my point of view I can say there are many things that this phobia makes you very insecure one is that you learn from mistakes , if I want to be perfect how can I make a mistake ? Hypothesis We think that atelophobia exists because all the influence of the media. Nowadays television, radio, magazines and many others, try to make people think that they should have an specific profile; they tell them they s hould be skinny, beautiful, tall, white and many others stereotypes that make people afraid of not being good enough and try to do many things to be perfect, but this can’t happen and many people have terrible consequences because of this.Problem Atelophobia is the fear of not being good enough. This is such a common problem that many people suffer and it’s getting bigger and bigger everytime because of the influence of the media and because people believe in all it says. It happens principally in teenagers because they are more involved in social pressure and many times they don’t accept themselves because of this. The worst part is that this can cause many others problems in them such as anorexia, bulimia, bullying and many other physic and psychologic problems. ConclusionsWhat we learn about this problem is that it is psychological, but in a big amount it is caused by society, we are often influence by the things people says and considers it is â€Å"perfect ion†. In addition, they always promote the ideal stereotype, with certain characteristics like being skinny, tall, white and what they consider beautiful, it appears in many ways of media like television, magazines, radio, etc. Even if we don? t notice, it causes a lot of damage in people, being obsessed with your image can have some terrible consequences. What we, as a society, can do about it is to stop caring about what people say, you don? need to have perfect physical appearance, just accept yourself as you are, be happy and feel confidence with your image. We have to start by making people know that being judgmental really can hurts the feelings of the other persons. This problem is nowadays very common, not accepting yourself can cause many horrible deceases like anorexia, bulimia, vigorexia or worse, suicide. We really have to stop this problem; it will take us time because we are used to be influenced by what all the people think, we should start with campaigns agains t stereotypes. Photos:

The Piagets Early Child Learning Education Essay

Lifespan development and its subsequent happenings are really of import to human growing. Through the usage of biological and chemical alterations, the organic structure invariably evolves and alterations. These changes manifest themselves throughout the continuance of our lives. The familial scheduling of our cells unfolds and alterations invariably. Even more significantly, the environment has an impact on overall life style development. Exposure to certain chemical facets and behaviours has a alone manner of changing our development. It is through this astonishing capacity for alteration that is the topic of this papers. In peculiar, Piaget ‘s theory of cognitive development has profound deductions for persons and society at big. The article, â€Å" In D.C. , Public School for 3-year-olds Is Already the Norm, † provides penetrations into Piaget ‘s theory. The article is connected to lifespan development due to the cognitive nature of childhood acquisition. In the District of Columbia, the community wants to learn kids earlier so that they may hold exposure, early on, to alone stimulation. This exposure, many experts believe will let early lifetime development to turn at a more rapid gait. Through the usage of Piaget ‘s theory, kids will be exposed to legion stimulations, finally leting them to go better educated. As the article mentioned above illustrates, the construct of early acquisition is peculiarly helpful for low income households who frequently do non hold the chances to utilize Piaget ‘ theory in existent life. As such both the article is straight related to early lifetime development due to its penchant towards early childhood instruction. Piaget ‘s theory pertains chiefly to the gradual acquisition of cognition from construct to birth. As the text describes, knowledge is the kernel of any being. Piaget assumed that â€Å" world † is a dynamic system of ageless alteration. ( Santrock, 2011 ) Life is invariably altering. Children enter high school, acquire their first occupation, day of the month the opposite sex, and get married one another. Each experience is dynamic in that it increases knowledge in each several measure. However, in many cases, these experiences are alone to the person. Specifically, Piaget argued that world involves transmutations and provinces of head and organic structure. The text refers to transmutations as all manners of alterations that people or things can undergo. ( Santrock, 2011 ) This definition is wide and incorporates the changing kineticss of life. No two happenings are wholly alone in respects to knowledge. States refer to the visual aspects in which people or things are able to be found between transmutations ; such as characteristic alterations as single grows older. ( Santrock, 2011 ) Older persons become more injury prone in many respects. They are besides more susceptible to disease. Consequently, Piaget alleged that, if intelligence is to be adaptative, it should hold maps to depict the transformational and the inactive side of world. ( Santrock, 2011 ) In many cases, as Piaget points out, worlds perceive and adapt to legion pieces of information. Assimilation appears when persons are faced with unfamiliar information and it refers to antecedently studied information to understand. ( Santrock, 2011 ) This occurs extensively in many combative issues predominating in society. The fiscal crisis of 2008 was a premier illustration of this happening. Even though unfamiliar information was received, many persons relied on antecedently learned information to do sense of it. Economic theoretical accounts, past events, and past ordinance, were all used to do sense of the unfamiliar fiscal crisis. In contrast with assimilation, adjustment is the procedure of taking person ‘s new information or new environment, and changing single ‘s preexistent strategies to suit into the new information. ( Santrock, 2011 ) Accommodation is of peculiar importance as it allows persons to turn, develop, and larn other scheme in which to utilize in overall knowledge. This is vitally of import as we enter the technological age. This theory is peculiar of import as we continue through the technological revolution and overall globalisation ( Santrock, 2011 ) . As society enters unfamiliar district in respects to the technological revolution, they are utilizing antecedently learned information to do sense of it. This assimilation is doing unrest, peculiarly within the occupation market of American civilisation. Persons are utilizing antecedently learned accomplishments, which are antiquated, and trying to use them to new technological occupations. What should be happening nevertheless is adjustment, in which persons are turning, and developing other scheme that can be used in the now technological universe. This helps development as persons have schemas in which to use new information that will doubtless happen in the technological universe. For case technological progresss are supplying agencies for kids to larn in a more effectual mode at an earlier age. Technology allows different mediums to be used that finally let larning to be conducted in a more seamless mode. As Svrluga ‘s article illustrates that, kids can larn more at a youn ger age. The article mentions, 3 twelvemonth olds who are larning stuff that is reserved for those who are 5 old ages of age. ( Svrluga, 2013 ) Through the exposure of alone and differentiated scheme, kids are better able to larn. This proves Piaget ‘s theory. However, kids must foremost larn to suit the new technological progresss of scientific discipline into their freshly developed scheme. Otherwise, these kids would be absorbing by utilizing old scheme to treat new and otherwise helpful information. By utilizing the old scheme kids may non larn about the new developments of preschool instruction as it relates to their overall acquisition wonts. The article is hence, really helpful in respects to Piaget ‘s theory of cognitive development as it relates to lifespan development. Younger kids are now utilizing assimilation instead than adjustment. The older kids, who at the clip were 5 old ages of age, were taking unfamiliar information and utilizing old cognition. However, the younger kids, due to engineering, have now developed new schemes. They are now using unfamiliar information in new and advanced ways. ( Svrluga, 2013 ) As a consequence, their overall acquisition has been altered for the better. As the article illustrates, cosmopolitan preschool, at an earlier age makes kids more competitory relation to other states. They are more competitory in respects to early lifetime development because they are germinating new and alone scheme. Through the usage assimilation, kids utilizing Piaget ‘s theory, are helping their overall cognitive development. Because this is happening at an early age, kids have more chance to larn even more schemes that can straight be applied to a profession or a trade throughout their lifetime development procedure. More of import, these kids can larn accomplishments that will be of import in the coming moving ridge of technological inventions that are bound to determine the overall competitory landscape between states. Through assimilation, utilizing Piaget ‘s theory, kids larning earlier within the lifetime development procedure will be better able to vie with their international opposite numbers. The initial advantage of supplying cosmopolitan preschool attention irrespective of societal economic position will turn out priceless to overall lifetime development for younger kids. They can larn polar accomplishments earlier, while larning accomplishments relevant to the altering concern landscape of the universe, while still developing new scheme in which to use their newfound cognition. As the article illustrates, utilizing Piaget ‘s theory in respects to early childhood instruction has already proved utile. Piaget ‘s theory, as detailed above, has really profound deductions for society. The development of appropriate knowledge applies throughout an person ‘s life. From birth, to adolescence, to adult goon, larning and geting scheme is of import. It allows an single to see the universe otherwise, while besides accommodating to its altering dynamic. This altering moral force will name for alone cognitive accomplishments. Through the usage of Piaget ‘s theory, these accomplishments will be garnered at an earlier age. As such, new scheme will be developed at an earlier age which translates straight into lifetime development. As kids learn more at an earlier age, they will be able to get even more schema throughout the class of their younger old ages. This is already happening as 3 twelvemonth olds now comprehend at a 5 twelvemonth old degree.

Children and Advertising Essay

Children are the most vulnerable to advertising. They are the most susceptible because their minds are immature and are unable to distinguish good advertising versus bad advertising. Television commercials have a huge impact on how it affects children. Commercials are the biggest form of advertisement geared toward children. â€Å"Children between the ages of two and eleven view well over 20,000 television commercials yearly, and that breaks down to 150 to 200 hours† (MediaFamily, 1998). Television advertisements geared towards children have the biggest market by far. â€Å"The advertising market in 1997 showed that children under twelve years of age spent well over twenty-four million dollars of their own money on products they saw on television† (Kanner & Kasser, 2000). Kanner and Kasser go on to say that advertisers have even hired psychologists as consultants to help the advertisers come up with fine-tuned commercials that attract children (2000). In 1999, a group of psychologists wrote to the American Psychological Association asking them to restrict the use of psychological research by advertisers to help sell their products to children. This letter also called for, â€Å"an ongoing campaign to probe, review and confront the use of psychological research in advertising and marketing to children† (Hays 1999). â€Å"Some child advertisers boldly admit that the commercials they use exploit children and create conflicts within the family† (Kanner & Kasser, 2000). Kanner and Kasser also say that, advertisers work very hard to increase their products â€Å"nag factor†. This term often refers to how often children pressure their parents to buy the item they saw advertised on television (2000). The effects on advertising to children can be very noticeable. There have been numerous studies done that document that â€Å"children under eight years old are  unable to understand the intent of advertisements developmentally, therefore  they accept the advertising claims as true† (Shelov, S., et. al., 1995). â€Å"The American Academy of Pediatrics continues to say that children under the age of eight cannot distinguish commercial advertisements from regular television programming. In addition, advertisers have become sneaky about the way they convey their product† (Shelov, S., et. al., 1995). For example, when the announcer says, â€Å"some assembly required† for a toy, it is at the end of the commercial and the announcer speaks very quickly. Sometimes, the disclaimers are written in small print and shown at the end of the commercial, and are not understood by most young children. Excessive television viewing often times causes higher obesity rates among children. Children often see foods that are high in fat and calories advertised on television and end up consuming too much of these foods. The American Academy of Pediatrics says that the bombardment of advertising for food and toys to children may result in the increased number of conflicts between parents and children. The American Academy of Pediatrics believes that, â€Å"advertising directed toward children is inherently deceptive and exploits children under eight years of age† (Shelov, S., et. al., 1995). Cigarette advertisements seen in magazines or billboards are an area that is in need of change. â€Å"In 1988, teenagers alone spent well over $1.26 billions on cigarettes and smokeless tobacco† (Shelov, S., et. al., 1995). This number has rose significantly since 1988, and continues to rise rapidly. Although there is an advertisement ban of cigarettes on television, logos and billboards are prominent in televised sports. This makes television advertising of cigarettes very prominent. There were two studies down in the early 1990s on cigarette advertisements. This study looked at how familiar children were with the Old Joe Camel logo on Camel cigarettes. â€Å"These studied revealed that nearly one third of three-year-old children, and almost all of the children over the age of six could identify the Joe Camel logo. By the age of six,  the Joe Camel logo was as familiar to children as Mickey Mouse† (Shelov, S., et. al., 1995). The advertising campaign for Camel cigare ttes was more  effective among children and adolescents than it was among adults. â€Å"In 2000, a study showed that on average, eighty-two percent of children in the United States see the numerous magazine advertisements for cigarettes† (Siegel, 2001). Alcohol advertisements on television are another touchy area. â€Å"American children view nearly 2000 beer and wine commercials every year on television and these ads specifically target young people by showing the â€Å"advantages† of drinking† (Shelov, S., et. al., 1995). There is a public health interest in trying to protect children from alcohol and cigarette advertisements. â€Å"The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends banning all tobacco and alcohol advertisements in the media, but some researchers believe that counter-advertising advertisements are more effective† (Shelov, S. et. al, 1995). Recently though, there have been counter-advertising campaigns aimed reducing the number of young people who smoke. In 2001, the â€Å"I Decide† campaign started airing on television. â€Å"This anti-smoking campaign, sponsored by the Illinois Department of Public Health, is the current anti-smoking campaign in Illinois. The â€Å"I Decide† advertisement aired on local ABC, CBS, NBC, FOX, and the WB networks in Winnebago, Macon, Champaign, Tazewell, Sangamon, Peoria, and McLean counties. I Decide advertisements also run on the following cable networks, ESPN, MTV, BET, Comedy Central, and TBS† (Illinois Department of Health, 2002). Alcohol and cigarette advertisements are still around and promote the wrong message to children. The effects on advertising to children can be very evident. There are laws and organizations out there to help protect children from advertisers. Advertising is a powerful tool in American culture today; it exists solely to sell  products and services. Advertising to children has not always been legal. ‘In 1750 BC, the Code of Hammurabi made it a crime to sell anything to a child without obtaining consent† (Shelov, S. et. al, 1995). Things in the advertising industry have changed significantly since then. In 1978, Michael Pertschuk, the chairman of the Federal Trade Commission, tried to restrict television advertisements aimed at children under thirteen. Due to a  ferocious lobbying campaign, his proposal did not pass (Kanner & Kasser, 2000). In the last fifteen years or so, there have been a few laws passed about advertising to children on television. â€Å"The Children’s Television Act of 1990 mandated that all broadcasters must show either educational or instructional children’s programming in order to renew their broadcasting license. This act also limits commercial time to ten and a half minutes per hour on weekends, and twelve minutes per hour on weekdays† (Shelov, S. et. al, 1995). Shelov and others continue on to say that, the main problem with this law is that television stations can cite public service announcements to fulfill the Children’s Television Act. They also said that this Act also established the Children’s Television Endowment Fund, which encourages the development of new educational programming for children (1995). There is currently an organization called the Children’s Advertising Review Unit (CARU) that is part of the Council of Better Business Bureaus. CARU reviews advertising and any promotional materials directed at children in the media (Council of Better Business Bureau, 2000). The Council of the Better Business Bureau continues on to say that CARU’s main duties are to review and evaluate child-directed advertisements in all forms of media, and to review the online privacy practices if they affect children. â€Å"If the advertisements are inconsistent or misleading with CARU’s Self-Regulatory Guidelines for Children’s Advertising, they seek change through the voluntary cooperation of advertisers† (2000). They work closely with advertisers to promote educational messages to children that are consistent with the  Children’s Television Act of 1990. The CARU’s Self-Regulatory Guidelines for Children’s Advertising gives criteria for evaluating advertising that is child-directed. There continues to be many more organizations out there that help protect children from advertisements. Until advertisers stop targeting children, there will always be a need for organizations that help protect children from advertisemen ts. It seems to me that the best ways to protect children from what adults fear will harm them- alcohol, drugs or advertising, is to set an example by our own behavior. We can talk with them  and encourage them to talk about the subject. The effects of media are minimized when parents talk to children about them. Whether we like it or not media education begins at home. The Internet is also another medium where children are at risk. Numerous web sites feature advertising to children. † In fact, many web sites are set up exclusively for children, such as, Nickelodeon’s and Disney’s. A growing number of web sites are now eliciting personal information. Some even use incentives and gifts to get e-mail addresses or other personal info† (DeFalco 1996). There is a very important law that helps protect children on the Internet. In April 2000, the Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act of 1998 (COPPA) took effect. â€Å"This Act says that if any personable identifiable information about a child under thirteen years of age is collected online, a privacy notice must be posted† (Federal Trade Commission, 2000). â€Å"Website operators must also get parental consent before collecting, using, or disclosing any personally identifiable information. In addition, this Act allows parents to review any personal identifiable information collected from their children. When the parents review their child’s personal information, they have the right to revoke their consent and ask that the information they collected about  their child is deleted from that website† (Federal Trade Commission, 2000). The Federal Trade Commission also says that site operators are required to list any third parties that the website operator gives information to, about a child. If the list of third parities changes, the website operator must have parental consent again (2000). The Center for Media Education (CME) is an organization that is dedicated to protecting children online by visiting websites to make sure that the COPPA rules are being enforced. CME is a national nonprofit organization, which dedicates itself to creating quality electronic media culture for children  and youth, for their families, and for the community. Their research focuses on the potential for children and youth in this rapidly evolving digital media age. â€Å"Over the years, CME has been the leading force in expanding both children’s educational television programming and fostering television and Internet safeguard for children and teens† (Center for Media Education, 2001). The Internet is an area that is growing rapidly, and is one area where children are the most vulnerable to advertising. Advertising to children also has many positive benefits, for both the marketers’ pocket and for the development of the child. â€Å"Kids are little human beings that need to grow up and learn valuable lessons, that throughout their lives they are going to want things that they can not have† (Fletcher and Phillips 1998). Also, in the media demanding society that we live in, learning how to decipher the truth of advertising messages is critical. Likewise, advertisers argue that parents still have ultimate control over household purchasing decisions. This presents an opportunity for children to learn to respect authority, which is another step critical to a child’s development. Additionally, advertising money helps pay for educational opportunities. â€Å"Without  advertising there would be a lot less toys and a lot less children’s programming such as Nickelodeon and the Cartoon Network† (Fletcher and Phillips 1998). Marketers are also using their advertising dollars to benefit education in other ways. â€Å"Cadbury, Pentax, C&A and Coca-Cola are advertising in textbooks and other learning materials such as wall charts† (Marshall, 1997). Due to under-funded school budgets, money may have not been otherwise available to pay for these supplementary educational materials. Advertising to children definitely has both positive and negative benefits that help and hinder the development of the child. Regardless of the effects  that marketers have on our youth, advertisements will continue. Mainly in part due to the high amount of dollars involved. New areas of the ethical debate will also continue to grow. Some of these new issues are the controversies that are arising from the exponential growth of the Internet and of global marketing. Both governmental agencies and parents need to be aware of this continuing debate as these new issues arise. Also, awareness needs to be developed on how these new issues affect children based on existing psychological research so that parents and the government can react in the best approach possible. The boundaries in media and advertising are rapidly changing. Young people will benefit more by learning to make intelligent media (and consumer) decisions than by attempts to limit their exposure to information that they will inevitably be exposed to regardless of the regulatory climate. Works Cited Center for Media Education. (2001). About the center for media education (CME). Retrieved March 20, 2002, from Http://www.cme.org. Council of Better Business Bureau. (2000). About the Children’s Advertising Review Unit (CARU). Retrieved January 30, 2002, from Http://www.caru.org/carusubpgs/aboutcarupg.asp. Federal Trade Commission. (2000). How to protect kids’ privacy online. Retrieved January 31, 2002, from Http://www.ftc.gov/bcp/conline/pubs/online/kidsprivacy.htm. Fletcher, Winston and Phillips, Richard. (1998, May 29). â€Å"A children’s character for advertising; analysis of advertising which targets children.† Campaign, page 28. Hays, C.L. (1999, October 31). Group says ads manipulate children with psychology. New York Times, p. C6. Illinois Department of Health (2002). I decide. Retrieved March 20, 2002, from Http://www.idecide4me.com/html/campaign/schedule.asp. Kanner, A.D., & Kasser, T. (2000). Stuffing our kids: Should psychologists help advertisers manipulate children? Retrieved January 30, 2002, from http://www.commercialalert.org/ Marshall, Caroline. (1997, September) â€Å"Protect the parents; exploiting parents and children via advertising.† Management Today, Page 92. Mediafamily (1998). Children’s advertising and gender roles. Retrieved January 31, 2002, from Http://www.mediaandthefamily.org/research/fact/childgen.shtml. Mediascope (2000). Children, health, and advertising. Retrieved January 31, 2002, from Http://www.mediascope.org/pubs/ibriefs/cha.htm. Shelov, S., Bar-on, M., Beard, L., Hogan, M., Holroyd, J.H., Prentice, B., Sherry, S.N., & V. Strasburger. (1995). Children, adolescents, and advertising. American Academy of Pediatrics, 95(2), 295-297. Siegel, M. (2001). Tobacco ads still aimed at kids, experts advise stronger protection. Ca, 51(6), 324-326.

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